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| Study | Protein Supplement | Comparator Supplement | Administration scheme |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arent et al., |
Resurgex Plus® 75 mg CoQ10, 500 U SOD/Gliadin, 1,750 mg ornithine ketoglutarate, 300 mg L-Carnitine, 100 mg nucleotides, 750 mg d-ribose, 500 mg L-glutamine, 100 mg beta glucans, 12.5 mg fruit polyphenols, and 1,750 mg BCAA. |
Isocaloric equivalent | Twice daily (morning: 10:00 – 11:00 and evening: 19:00 – 20:00) over a 20-day period |
| Betts et al., |
Protein – Carbohydrate mixture Total volume: 5.5 ± 0.5 L (relative to BM) Total energy: 10 975 ± 972 kJ (CHO: 492 ± 44g, PRO: 164 ± 15g); Concentration: 9% sucrose (1.2 g/kg-1 BM/h-1) & 3% whey protein isolate (0.4 g/kg-1 BM/h-1). Amino acid profile: 20% glutamine, 11% leucine, 10% asparagine, 9% lysine, 7% proline, 6% threonine, 6% isoleucine, 5% valine, 5% alanine, 21% other amino acids. |
Carbohydrate Total volume: 5.5 ± 0.5 L (relative to BM) Total energy: 8231 ± 729 kJ (CHO: 492 ± 44g) Concentration: 9% sucrose (1.2 g/kg-1 BM/h-1) |
Before exercise (1 x 7.0 ml/kg-1 BM), during exercise (5 x 2.6 ml/ kg-1 BM) and post-exercise (8 x 6.7 ml/ kg-1 BM, every 30min over a 4-hour recovery period). |
| Cockburn et al., |
Semi-skimmed milk Total volume: 500 ml; Composition: Whey protein, casein carbohydrate (lactose) & fat (1.7%). |
Water Total volume: 500 ml |
A single dose immediately post exercise. |
| Gentle et al., |
Protein – Carbohydrate meal Meal composition (for a 75 kg individual): Energy: 611 kcals, CHO: 75g (1g/kg-1 BM), Protein: 75g (1g/kg-1 BM), Fat: 2.6g, Fibre: 1g. Food items: 2 slices white bread, 40g Jam, 76g whey protein drink, 190 ml sports drink (Powerade isotonic), 1100ml water. |
Carbohydrate meal Meal composition (for a 75 kg individual): Energy: 635 kcals, CHO: 150g (2g/kg-1 BM), Protein: 6g, Fat: 2g, Fibre: 1g. Food items: 2 slices white bread, 60g Jam, 1290 ml sports drink (Powerade isotonic). |
90 minutes before the exercise protocol. |
| Gilson et al., |
Low-fat chocolate milk Total volume/serving: 672 ml Macronutrient content/serving: CHO: 84g, PRO: 28g, Fat: 7g – 504 kcal in total. |
Carbohydrate Total volume/serving: 672 ml; Macronutrient content/serving: CHO: 122g, PRO: 0g, Fat: 2g – 504 kcal in total. |
A single dose (672 ml), once a day (following training session) over a 4-day period. |
| Gunnarsson et al., |
High protein-carbohydrate diet Diet composition over the first 24h: 775 ± 26 g CHO, 229 ± 8 g PRO (whey) and 39 ± 1 g fat. Diet composition over the subsequent 24h: 797 ± 23 g CHO, 236 ± 7 g PRO (whey) and 40 ± 1 g fat. |
Normal diet Diet composition over the first 24h: 392 ± 48 g CHO, 123 ± 12 g PRO and 72 ± 8 g fat. Diet composition over the subsequent 24h: 378 ± 57 g CHO, 120 ± 17 g PRO and 91 ± 16 g fat. |
Diets consisted of breakfast, lunch and dinner supplemented with snacks over a 48-hour period following a soccer match. |
| Highton et al., |
Protein – Carbohydrate mixture Mean ingestion rate: 52.7 ± 8.35 g/h-1 CHO (maltodextrin & dextrose) and 17.6 ± 2.8 g/h-1 PRO (whey protein isolate). |
Carbohydrate Mean ingestion rate: 70.2 ± 11.1 g/h-1 CHO (maltodextrin & dextrose) |
Before (1 x 5ml/kg-1 at -15min) and during exercise (5 x 2.5ml/kg-1 every 15 min) |
| Naclerio et al., |
Protein-carbohydrate-based multi-ingredient Total volume: 1 L Macronutrient content/1L: CHO: 106 g (maltodextrin & dextrose), PRO: 29 g (whey protein), Fat: 2.4 g, Glutamine: 10g, L-carnitine-L-tartrate: 3g – 560 kcals in total. |
Carbohydrate Total volume: 1 L; Macronutrient content/500 ml: CHO: 139 g (maltodextrin) – 530 kcals in total. Placebo Total volume: 1 L; A low kcal beverage (20.97 kcal/500ml) with identical color and flavor. |
Before (1x125ml), during exercise (3x125ml) and 20 min post-exercise (1x500ml) |
| Naclerio et al., |
Protein-carbohydrate-based multi-ingredient Total volume: 1 L Macronutrient content/1L: CHO: 106 g (maltodextrin & dextrose), PRO: 29 g (whey protein), Fat: 2.4 g, Glutamine: 10g, L-carnitine-L-tartrate: 3g – 560 kcals in total. |
Carbohydrate Total volume: 1 L; Macronutrient content/500 ml: CHO: 139 g (maltodextrin) – 530 kcals in total. Placebo Total volume: 1 L; A low kcal beverage (20.97 kcal/500ml) with identical color and flavor. |
Before (1x125ml), during exercise (3x125ml) and 20 min post-exercise (1x500ml) |
| Poulios et al., |
Milk Protein Smooth (80% casein, 20% whey) Match days: Total amount PRO: 80g/day80% casein & 20% whey); Composition of 25 g Supplement (80% casein & 20% whey)/4.7 g carbohydrate/1.6 g fat/~133 kcals), 30 g (80% casein & 20% whey)/5.6 g carbohydrate/1.9 g fat/~160 kcals), and 25g Training days: Total amount PRO: Composition of 20 g Supplement (80% casein & 20% whey)/3.75 g carbohydrate/0.25 g fat/~97 kcals) |
Isoenergetic placebo (maltodextrin) Match days: Total amount: 1.37g carbohydrate/kg BM Training Days: Total amount: 0.31g carbohydrate/kg BM |
Match day: 25 g after game, 30 g at +3h post game, 25 g at +6 h post game (PRO or PLA) Training day: 20g (PRO or PLA) with breakfast |