Systematic Review of the Role of Footwear Constructions in Running Biomechanics: Implications for Running-Related Injury and Performance

Table 4. Summary of the studies on heel-toe drop effect (n = 7).

Reference	Shoe Conditions	Tested running Speed (m/s)	Subject Info (Numbers, Sex, Age, Landing type)	Testing Protocol	Outcome		PEDro Score
Reference	Shoe Conditions	Tested running Speed (m/s)	Subject Info (Numbers, Sex, Age, Landing type)	Testing Protocol	Performance related	Injury related	PEDro Score
Besson et al., (2017)	1. Heel–toe drop 10 mm (D10) 2. Heel–toe drop 6 mm (D6) 3. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0)	Preferred speed	14, F, 21.4, rearfoot striker	Overground running	D0 â†“ Foot ground angle, ankle dorsiflexion at initial & last 40% stance phase than D6 & D10; D0 â†‘ AP GRF during first part of stance phase than D6 & D10; D0 â†‘ push-of time but â†“ braking time than D6 & D10; D0 â†‘ net joint ankle flexion moment during braking phase â†“ net knee flexion moment in the push-of phase compared to D6 & D10; â†’ knee & hip angles, & stance phase duration.	NA	6
Chambon et al. (2015)	1. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0) 2. Heel–toe drop 4 mm (D4) 3. Heel–toe drop 8 mm (D8) 4. Barefoot (BF)	Preferred Speed	12, M, 21.8, rearfoot striker	Treadmill & overground running	NA	Overground: D0 â†“ foot ground angle at touchdown than D8; BFâ†‘ loading rate than D8; Treadmill: BF & D0 â†“ foot ground angles than D8; BF & D0 â†‘ ankle flexion during stance phase than D8; BF â†“ knee flexion RoM than D4 & D8; BF â†“ peak & loading rate of vGRF than D8; â†’ initial ankle angle	6
Malisoux et al., (2017)	1. Heel–toe drop 10 mm (D10) 2. Heel–toe drop 6 mm (D6) 3. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0)	Preferred speed	59, M=42, F=17, rearfoot striker	Treadmill running	D6 & D10 â†‘ knee adduction than D0; â†’ contact time, flight time, stride frequency, stride length, hip vertical displacement	NA	7
Malisoux et al. (2016)	1. Heel–toe drop 10 mm (D10) 2. Heel–toe drop 6 mm (D6) 3. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0)	2.64	553, M&F, D10=176; D6=190; D0=187; 38; rearfoot striker (occasional & regular)	Outdoor overground running	NA	D6 & D0 â†“ injury risk in occasional runners but â†‘ injury risk in regular runners; â†’ overall injury risk for all participant	7
Mits et al. (2015)	1. Heel–toe drop 12 mm (D12) 2. Heel–toe drop 8 mm (D8) 3. Heel–toe drop 4 mm (D4) 4. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0)	0.97±10%	14, M, 27, rearfoot striker	Overground running	D8, & D12 â†‘ max AP CoP excursion than D4; D8 â†‘ range of AP CoP than D0; â†’ ML CoP variables.	NA	6
TenBroek et al. (2014)	Forefoot–rearfoot offset: 1.3–3 mm offset (Thin) 2.9–14 mm offset (Medium) 3.12–24 mm offset (Thick)	3.0	10, M, 18-55, rearfoot striker	Treadmill running	Thin & Medium â†‘ initial ankle plantarflexion than other; Thinâ†‘ initial knee extension angle than other; Thick â†‘ knee flexion at midstance than Medium; Thick â†‘ knee excursion than Thin & Medium; Thick â†‘ stance time than Thin & Medium.	NA	6
TenBroek et al., (2012)	Forefoot–rearfoot offset: 1. 3–3 mm offset (Thin) 2. 9–14 mm offset (Medium) 3. 12–24 mm offset (Thick) 4. Barefoot (BF)	3.0	10, M, 18-55, rearfoot striker	Treadmill running	Barefoot & Thin â†“ initial dorsiflexion than Medium & Thick; BF & Thin â†‘ leg segment vertical at TD than Thick; Medium & Thickâ†‘ knee flexion excursion than Thin & BF; Thin â†‘ knee excursion than BF; Thin â†‘eversion excursion than all other conditions; Thin â†‘ stance time than Medium & Thick Barefoot & Thin â†‘ peak tibial acceleration than other condition; Medium â†‘ peak tibial acceleration than Thick	NA	6

Max = maximum, RoM = range of motion, GRF = ground reaction force, AP = anterior-posterior direction, ML = medio-lateral direction, CoP = centre of pressure, NA = Not available.