Table 4. Comparisons of age, participation rate and physical functions among the four groups

		MM group (n = 21)		Mn group (n = 14)		nM group (n = 4)		nn group (n = 10)		P
		Median (min-MAX)	Mean ± SD	Median (min-MAX)	Mean ± SD	Median (min-MAX)	Mean ± SD	Median (min-MAX)	Mean ± SD
BEFORE	Participation rate (%)	100 (63.6-100)	94.8 ± 9.8	90.9 (72.7-100)	89.7 ± 8.6	91.7 (81.8-100)	91.3 ± 7.4	91.7 (66.7-100)	89.5 ± 12.1	n.s.
	Age* (y)	69.0 (62.0-74.0)	68.6 ± 3.5	65.5 (60.0-73.0)	66.1 ± 3.7	70.0 (64.0-73.0)	69.3 ± 4.1	65.0 (61.0-72.0)	65.3 ± 4.2	n.s.
	One-leg stand with eyes open (s)	66.0 (8.9-180.0)	83.7 ± 56.9	75.5 (26.0-180.0)	93.8 ± 49.3	110.5 (7.6-121.0)	87.4 ± 54.1	45.0 (20.0-137.0)	53.3 ± 33.0	n.s.
	Sit and reach (cm)	44.5 (24.5-54.0)	41.9 ± 7.5	33.3 (22.0-46.0)	35.0 ± 8.5	39.8 (30.0-41.5)	37.8 ± 5.3	39.3 (17.0-52.5)	36.8 ± 12.4	n.s.
	Grip strength (kg)	24.3 (17.8-32.4)	25.1 ± 4.3	26.1 (15.0-31.5)	25.3 ± 4.1	23.4 (21.3-26.5)	23.6 ± 2.1	25.3 (19.5-28.3)	24.8 ± 2.9	n.s.
	Vertical jump (cm)	23.0 (17.0-40.0)	24.6 ± 5.8	25.0 (18.0-33.0)	25.1 ± 3.8	24.0 (19.0-30.0)	24.3 ± 4.8	28.0 (19.0-40.0)	28.2 ± 7.0	n.s.
	Functional reach test (cm)	42.0 (23.0-63.5)	42.0 ± 10.0	40.5 (30.0-65.0)	41.0 ± 9.1	42.8 (38.0-46.7)	42.6 ± 4.0	42.0 (30.0-50.0)	40.9 ± 5.8	n.s.
	Stepping (count)	32.0 (19.0-70.0)	34.8 ± 11.1	37.5 (23.0-60.0)	38.0 ± 10.8	39.5 (32.0-40.0)	37.8 ± 3.9	33.5 (15.0-61.0)	34.6 ± 12.1	n.s.
	CS-30 (count)	21.0 (14.0-37.0)	22.2 ± 5.6	22.5 (14.0-41.0)	23.9 ± 8.4	27.5 (16.0-31.0)	25.5 ± 6.7	23.0 (14.0-34.0)	23.3 ± 6.9	n.s.
	Sit-ups (count)	12.0 (0.0-20.0)	10.5 ± 5.5	8.0 (0.0-33.0)	8.8 ± 8.7	9.0 (6.0-15.0)	9.8 ± 3.9	10.5 (3.0-17.0)	11.2 ± 4.7	n.s.
	Leg strength (kg)	27.7 (12.3-38.6)	27.7 ± 7.0	29.7 (16.3-41.7)	29.6 ± 6.9	21.2 (15.0-23.5)	20.2 ± 4.1	32.8 (20.9-53.0)	33.9 ± 11.0	n.s.
	10-meter normal walking (s)	6.8 (5.2-9.8)	7.0 ± 1.3	7.5 (6.1-9.0)	7.6 ± 0.9	6.4 (6.0-6.6)	6.3 ± 0.2	7.5 (6.1-12.0)	7.9 ± 1.6	n.s.
	10-meter fast walking (s)	5.0 (3.6-7.4)	5.2 ± 1.0	5.1 (3.7-7.8)	5.3 ± 1.0	5.4 (5.0-5.9)	5.4 ± 0.5	5.3 (3.6-6.1)	5.2 ± 0.7	n.s.
AFTER	One-leg stand with eyes open (s)	75.0 (5.0-180.0)	80.8 ± 48.0	82.4 (11.0-180.0)	96.9 ± 65.4	81.0 (45.0-180.0)	96.8 ± 60.3	62.0 (30.0-180.0)	99.8 ± 69.8	n.s.
	Sit and reach (cm)	42.5 (20.0-56.0)	42.4 ± 8.9	38.5 (24.5-53.5)	39.1 ± 10.2	45.3 (43.0-51.0)	46.1 ± 3.5	38.8 (30.0-55.5)	39.6 ± 7.3	n.s.
	Grip strength (kg)	25.3 (17.6-31.6)	24.8 ± 3.8	27.3 (17.4-31.6)	25.8 ± 4.5	25.1 (19.5-27.1)	24.2 ± 3.3	26.3 (20.0-29.3)	25.4 ± 3.0	n.s.
	Vertical jump (cm)	24.0 (18.0-43.0)	24.7 ± 5.4	26.0 (16.0-32.0)	25.3 ± 4.6	26.5 (24.0-30.0)	26.8 ± 2.5	24.5 (15.0-34.0)	24.6 ± 5.4	n.s.
	Functional reach test (cm)	40.0 (21.0-55.0)	40.3 ± 8.0	43.0 (35.0-60.0)	43.5 ± 5.9	44.0 (28.0-51.5)	41.9 ± 11.0	38.8 (35.0-48.0)	39.4 ± 4.3	n.s.
	Stepping (count)	36.0 (27.0-46.0)	36.0 ± 4.7	36.0 (28.0-56.0)	36.7 ± 7.4	39.0 (32.0-43.0)	38.3 ± 4.6	36.5 (31.0-44.0)	36.4 ± 4.6	n.s.
	CS-30 (count)	28.0 (15.0-41.0)	27.3 ± 6.2	31.5 (17.0-37.0)	29.1 ± 7.8	29.5 (20.0-39.0)	29.5 ± 7.9	28.5 (16.0-43.0)	28.7 ± 6.9	n.s.
	Sit-ups (count)	14.0 (0.0-26.0)	13.4 ± 6.9	10.0 (0.0-33.0)	11.4 ± 8.2	9.0 (6.0-10.0)	8.5 ± 1.9	10.5 (0.0-20.0)	9.9 ± 7.8	n.s.
	Leg strength (kg)	31.7 (18.1-49.4)	31.4 ± 8.0	31.7 (19.5-45.2)	31.8 ± 8.4	26.4 (21.8-29.9)	26.1 ± 4.0	29.4 (23.8-59.2)	32.7 ± 10.6	n.s.
	10-meter normal walking (s)	6.3 (4.8-9.0)	6.6 ± 1.2	6.8 (4.9-8.3)	6.6 ± 0.9	5.6 (5.2-5.9)	5.6 ± 0.3	6.3 (4.8-9.1)	6.8 ± 1.4	n.s.
	10-meter fast walking (s)	4.7 (3.2-6.0)	4.8 ± 0.6	5.1 (3.6-5.6)	4.8 ± 0.7	4.6 (4.2-5.3)	4.7 ± 0.6	5.0 (4.3-5.7)	5.0 ± 0.5	n.s.

Variables are represented as median (min-max: range) or mean ± SD.* Age of subjects before the program.CS-30: 30-second chair stand; MM group: the MCI/MCI group; Mn group: the MCI/non-MCI group; nM group: the non-MCI/MCI group; nn group: the non-MCI/non-MCI group; n.s.: not significant. Comparisons of age, participation rate in the program and physical functions among the four groups were performed using the Kruskal Wallis H test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.