Table 4. Normalized activation of trailing arm for upper extremity muscles in two-handed backhand strokes (% MVC).
| Trailing arm |
Drive volley (Mean ± SD) |
Groundstroke (Mean ± SD) |
p-value |
Effect size |
| Preparation |
FCR |
12.32 ± 4.88 |
12.84 ± 6.98 |
.69 |
0.09 |
| ECR |
23.70 ± 8.56 |
20.00 ± 10.30 |
.05* |
0.39 |
| BB |
8.40 ± 4.50 |
8.11 ± 5.49 |
.70 |
0.06 |
| TB |
8.89 ± 5.00 |
7.02 ± 3.70 |
.04* |
0.43 |
| Early Acceleration |
FCR |
30.50 ± 11.13 |
34.86 ± 13.56 |
.23 |
0.35 |
| ECR |
43.70 ± 24.25 |
35.74 ± 18.69 |
.15 |
0.37 |
| BB |
33.09 ± 17.85 |
34.81 ± 19.35 |
.62 |
0.09 |
| TB |
30.92 ± 31.92 |
24.53 ± 15.33 |
.29 |
0.26 |
| Late Acceleration |
FCR |
70.97 ± 14.81 |
81.99 ± 30.55 |
.16 |
0.46 |
| ECR |
66.01 ± 33.60 |
68.34 ± 39.11 |
.58 |
0.06 |
| BB |
40.19 ± 22.80 |
43.39 ± 22.65 |
.37 |
0.14 |
| TB |
29.81 ± 12.82 |
39.01 ± 30.90 |
.26 |
0.39 |
| Early Follow-through |
FCR |
26.36 ± 8.16 |
28.01 ± 11.68 |
.52 |
0.16 |
| ECR |
34.48 ± 14.84 |
32.83 ± 16.17 |
.51 |
0.11 |
| BB |
10.37 ± 5.21 |
12.48 ± 7.98 |
.21 |
0.31 |
| TB |
25.43 ± 26.66 |
22.61 ± 8.05 |
.71 |
0.14 |
| Late Follow-through |
FCR |
17.57 ± 9.10 |
18.94 ± 9.87 |
.39 |
0.14 |
| ECR |
11.24 ± 8.33 |
7.79 ± 4.80 |
.04* |
0.51 |
| BB |
2.75 ± 1.80 |
2.07 ± 0.85 |
.35 |
0.48 |
| TB |
10.75 ± 4.53 |
11.74 ± 7.04 |
.51 |
0.17 |
* p < .05
