Table 4. Differences between the frequencies of winning actions with combinations (Level 3) of plays (Level 2) observed in three periods.

Level 1     Level 2         Level 3	1970-2000 (1)	2001-2015 (2)	2016-2021 (3)	(1) vs. (2)		(1) vs. (3)		(2) vs. (3)		χ2	P<	Ccorr
				h-Cohen	p*	h-Cohen	p*	h-Cohen	p*
1. Serve
1.1.Serve fh sidespin	n = 273	n = 243	n = 268
Long-backspin	10.26%	6.58%	13.43%	-.133	.137	.099	.253	.232	0.011	20.4	.009	.186
Long-topspin	10.26%	9.88%	11.19%	-.013	.886	.030	.725	.043	0.629
Short-backspin	34.07%	47.33%	31.72%	.271	.002	-.050	.561	-.321	<0.001
Short-topspin	25.27%	19.34%	27.24%	-.143	.108	.045	.604	.187	0.036
Rapid	20.15%	16.87%	16.42%	-.084	.341	-.097	.263	-.012	0.890
1.2.Serve fh backspin-nospin	n = 700	n = 112	n = 59
Long-backspin	17.00%	11.61%	16.95%							12.9	.117	.141
Long-nospin	16.43%	9.82%	15.25%
Short-backspin	32.43%	43.75%	42.37%
Short-nospin	17.43%	21.43%	16.95%
Rapid	16.71%	13.39%	8.47%
1.3.Serve bh sidespin	n = 99	n = 20	n = 40
Long-backspin	7.07%	25.00%	10.00%	.509	.017	.105	.563	-.404	.130	13.8	.032	.358
Long-topspin	8.08%	15.00%	22.50%	.219	.332	.412	.020	.193	.496
Short-backspin	28.28%	20.00%	40.00%	-.194	.448	.248	.181	.442	.127
Short-topspin	39.39%	20.00%	27.50%	-.430	.102	-.253	.188	.177	.529
Rapid	17.17%	20.00%	0.00%
1.4. Serve fh reverse	n = 99	n = 20	n = 40
Long-backspin	23.33%	13.92%	14.81%							9.8	.279	.303
Long-topspin	16.67%	7.59%	14.81%
Short-backspin	30.00%	41.77%	33.33%
Short-topspin	13.33%	30.38%	22.22%
Rapid	16.67%	6.33%	14.81%
2. Serve+Counterattack
2.1.Serve-fh-sidespin+Counterattack	n = 405	n = 497	n = 614							174.0	<.001	.364
2.1.1.Serve-fh-sidespin+Topspin-fh	48.64%	50.91%	47.23%	.045	.499	-.028	.659	-.074	.223
2.1.2. Serve-fh-sidespin+Attack-bh	5.68%	6.64%	17.10%	.040	.552	.371	<.001	.331	<.001
2.1.3.Serve-fh-sidespin+Topspin-bh	10.37%	10.06%	7.33%	-.010	.878	-.107	.089	-.097	.106
2.1.4.Serve-fh-sidespin+Push-fh	2.22%	8.65%	9.28%	.298	<.001	.320	<.001	.022	.715
2.1.5. Serve-fh-sidespin+Block-bh	9.38%	7.04%	5.21%	-.085	.200	-.162	.010	-.077	.203
2.1.6. Serve-fh-sidespin+Attack-fh	15.31%	3.82%	1.95%	-.410	<.001	-.523	<.001	-.113	.060
2.1.7. Serve-fh-sidespin+Flick-fh	2.96%	3.42%	6.51%	.026	.698	.170	.012	.144	.020
2.1.8.Serw-fh-sidespin+Push-bh	3.70%	5.43%	1.47%	.083	.221	-.145	.021	-.228	<.001
2.1.9. - 2.1.11 other	1.73%	4.02%	3.91%	.140	.044	.134	.048	-.006	.922
2.2. Serve fh backspin+Counterattack	n = 1116	n = 293	n = 193							66.1	<.001	.226
2.2.1.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-fh	50.63%	52.56%	36.79%	.039	.556	-.280	<.001	-.319	.001
2.2.2. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-bh	9.05%	8.19%	15.03%	-.031	.645	.185	.010	.216	.018
2.2.3.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-bh	9.23%	7.17%	6.22%	-.075	.268	-.113	.173	-.038	.684
2.2.4.Serve-fh-backspin+Push-fh	5.20%	8.53%	10.36%	.133	.031	.196	.005	.063	.496
2.2.5. Serve-fh-backspin+Block-bh	6.54%	6.48%	4.15%	-0.002	0.972	-0.107	0.202	-0.105	0.271
2.2.6. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-fh	6.63%	2.05%	4.66%	-0.234	0.003	-0.086	0.301	0.148	0.103
2.2.7. Serve-fh-backspin+Flick-fh	4.93%	6.14%	4.66%	.053	.404	-.012	.875	-0.066	0.486
2.2.8.Serve-fh-backspin+Push-bh	3.85%	4.10%	4.66%	.012	.849	.040	.595	0.028	0.763
2.2.9. - 2.2.11 other	3.94%	4.78%	13.47%	.041	.522	0352	<.001	0.311	0.001
2.3. Serve bh sidespin+Counterattack	n = 136	n = 70	n = 79
2.2.1.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-fh	40.44%	57.14%	46.84%	.336	.024	.129	.362	-0.207	0.211	34.3	<.001	.389
2.2.2. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-bh	7.35%	18.57%	13.92%	.342	.016	.216	.119	-0.126	0.442
2.2.3.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-bh	7.35%	10.00%	20.25%	.094	.514	.384	.006	0.290	0.086
2.2.4.Serve-fh-backspin+Push-fh	44.85%	14.29%	18.99%	-.692	<.001	-.566	<.001	0.127	0.445
2.4. Serve fh reverse+Counterattack	n = 40	n = 141	n = 76
2.2.1.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-fh	45.00%	43.26%	32.89%							9.2	.057	.227
2.2.2. Serve-fh-backspin+Attack-bh	35.00%	21.99%	21.05%
2.2.3.Serve-fh-backspin+Topspin-bh	20.00%	34.75%	46.05%
4.Return+Counterattack
4.1.Push fh+Counterattack	n = 428	n = 388	n = 276
4.1.1. Push-fh+Topspin-fh	32.48%	43.56%	39.49%	.229	.001	.146	.057	-.082	.296	102.7	<.001	.331
4.1.2. Push-fh+Block-bh	22.90%	19.33%	13.77%	-.087	.213	-.238	.003	-.150	.061
4.1.3. Push-fh+Topspin-bh	6.07%	10.57%	10.51%	.164	.020	.162	.033	-.002	.980
4.1.4. Push-fh+Block-fh	12.85%	6.19%	2.90%	-.231	.001	-.391	<.001	-.161	.052
4.1.5. Push-fh+Fast attack-bh	5.37%	1.80%	9.78%	-.198	.007	.168	.027	.367	<.001
4.1.6. Push-fh+Fast attack-fh	5.37%	1.55%	4.71%	-.219	.003	-.030	.696	.188	.016
4.1.7. Push-fh+Push-fh	1.87%	2.58%	7.97%	.048	.492	.298	<.001	.250	.001
4.1.8. Push-fh+Push-bh	3.74%	3.61%	2.54%	-.007	.921	-.069	.381	-.062	.437
4.1.9. Push-fh+Flick-bh	1.64%	2.58%	4.71%	.066	.347	.181	.017	.115	.139
4.1.10. - 4.1.13 other	7.71%	8.25%	3.62%	.020	.777	-.180	.027	-.200	.016
4.2. Push bh+Counterattack	n = 428	n = 388	n = 276
4.2.1. Push-bh+Topspin-fh	26.09%	41.95%	39.52%	.337	.001	.288	.002	-.049	.630	83.4	<.001	.385
4.2.2. Push-bh+Block-bh	24.51%	17.82%	6.67%	-.164	.101	-.513	<.001	-.349	.001
4.2.3. Push-bh+Topspin-bh	10.28%	9.77%	10.00%	-.017	.864	-.009	.922	.008	.940
4.2.4. Push-bh+Block-fh	9.09%	9.20%	1.90%	.004	.971	-.336	.001	-.339	.001
4.2.5.Push-bh+Push-bh	5.53%	5.17%	9.52%	-.016	.871	.153	.102	.169	.109
4.2.6. Push-bh+Fast attack-bh	3.16%	1.72%	8.10%	-.094	.357	.219	.020	.314	.005
4.2.7. Push-bh+Fast attack-fh	5.53%	2.87%	2.86%	-.134	.191	-.135	.159	-.001	.992
4.2.8.Push-bh+Push-fh	1.19%	1.72%	9.05%	.045	.643	.393	<.001	.348	.002
4.2.9.Push-bh+Push-bh	3.56%	4.02%	4.29%	.024	.804	.038	.687	.013	.898
4.1.10. - 4.1.13 other	11.07%	5.75%	8.10%	-.194	.058	-.101	.283	.093	.371
4.3.Topspin-fh+Counterattack	n = 168	n = 70	n = 28
4.3.1. Topspin-fh+Topspin-fh	45.83%	58.57%	60.71%							6.4	.168	.188
4.3.2. Topspin-fh+Fast attack-bh	23.21%	11.43%	14.29%
4.3.3. -4.3.5 other	30.95%	30.00%	25.00%
4.4. Flick-fh+Counterattack	n = 130	n = 47	n = 22
4.4.1. Flick-fh+Block-bh	30.77%	25.53%	9.09%	-.117	.500	-.563	.037	-.447	.118	19.0	.004	.351
4.4.2. Flick-fh+Fast attack-fh	22.31%	27.66%	22.73%	.124	.461	.010	.965	-.114	.665
4.4.3. Flick-fh+Fast attack-bh	13.85%	25.53%	50.00%	.297	.069	.808	<.001	.511	.048
4.4.4. - 4.4.5.6 other	33.08%	21.28%	18.18%	-.267	.132	-.344	.164	-.078	.767
4.5.Flick bh+Counterattack	n=32	n=64	n=102
4.5.1. Flick-bh+Topspin-fh	34.38%	29.69%	28.43%							6.1	.407	.206
4.5.2. Flick-bh+Fast attack-bh	28.13%	20.31%	33.33%
4.5.3. Flick-bh+Block-bh	15.63%	20.31%	21.57%
4.5.4. -4.6.6 other	21.88%	29.69%	16.67%
4.6. Topspin-Attack bh+Counterattack	n = 30	n = 27	n = 39
4.6.1. Topspin-bh+Topspin-fh	43.33%	59.26%	30.77%							7.9	.095	.338
4.6.2. Topspin-bh+Topspin-bh	40.00%	14.81%	41.03%
4.6.3. Topspin-bh+other	16.67%	25.93%	28.21%
4.7.Chop-bh+Counterattack	n=22	n=7	n=18
4.7.1.Chop-bh+Chop-bh	50.00%	57.14%	38.89%							.84	.656	.174
4.7.x. Chop-bh+other	50.00%	42.86%	61.11%
4.8.Attack-bh+Counterattack	n = 19	n = 7	n = 19							.20	.903	.088
4.8.1.Attack-bh+Fast Attack-bh	63.16%	71.43%	68.42%
4.8.2.Attack-bh+Fast attack fh	36.84%	28.57%	31.58%
5. Attack+Counterattack
5.1.Topspin-fh+Counterattack	n = 771	n = 564	n = 390
5.1.1.Topspin-fh+Topspin-fh	57.85%	75.00%	62.31%	.366	<.001	.091	.144	-.275	<.001	81.1	<.001	.239
5.1.2.Topspin-fh+Attack-bh	10.38%	4.79%	10.51%	-.215	<.001	.004	.943	.219	.001
5.1.3.Topspin-fh+Attack-fh	10.38%	3.19%	6.92%	-.297	<.001	-.123	.055	.173	.008
5.1.4.Topspin-fh+Topspin-bh	5.71%	6.74%	5.90%	.043	.439	.008	.895	-.035	.602
5.1.5.Topspin-fh+Block-bh	6.87%	2.84%	5.64%	-.192	.001	-.051	.420	.141	.030
5.1.6.Topspin-fh+Block-fh	3.76%	2.84%	3.33%	-.052	.355	-.023	.712	.029	.661
5.1.7.Topspin-fh+ Fishing'-bh	1.95%	1.06%	.26%	-.073	.201	-.179	.020	-.105	.151
5.1.8.Topspin-fh+Push-fh	.65%	1.60%	1.54%	.092	.094	.087	.140	-.005	.944
5.1.9.Topspin-fh+Chop-bh	1.04%	1.06%	1.54%	.003	.963	.045	.460	.042	.518
5.1.10.Topspin-fh+Push-bh	.65%	.71%	1.79%	.007	.894	.108

5.6.Flick-bh+Counterattack	n = 11	n = 24	n = 23							4.8	.313	.337
5.6.1. Flick-bh+Topspin-fh	36.36%	29.17%	34.78%
5.6.2. Flip-bh+Fast attack-bh	27.27%	20.83%	43.48%
5.6.x. Flick-bh+other	36.36%	50.00%	21.74%
6. Block+Counterattack
6.1.Block-bh+Counterattack	n = 613	n = 271	n = 250							86.6	<.001	.303
6.1.1. Block-bh+Block-bh	39.31%	35.42%	26.40%	-.080	.272	-0.276	<.001	-.196	0.027
6.1.2. Block-bh+Topspin-fh	24.63%	35.06%	32.40%	.229	.001	0.172	.020	-.056	.522
6.1.3. Block-bh+Attack-fh	17.13%	6.64%	7.60%	-.332	<.001	-0.295	<.001	.037	.671
6.1.4. Block-bh+Block-fh	6.85%	11.44%	10.80%	.160	.023	0.140	.053	-.020	.817
6.1.5. Block-bh+Fast attack-bh	5.87%	7.75%	19.20%	.075	.295	0.418	<.001	.343	<.001
6.1.6. Block-bh+’Fishing;-bh	2.61%	0.74%	1.20%	-.153	.070	-0.105	.201	.048	.589
6.1.7. Block-bh+Topspin-bh	1.96%	1.11%	1.60%	-.070	.367	-0.027	.724	.043	.626
6.1.x. Block-bh+other	1.63%	1.85%	0.80%	.016	.821	-0.077	.344	-.093	.301
6.2.Block-fh+Counterattack	n = 140	n = 64	n = 51							18.9	.016	.307
6.2.1. Block-fh+Block-bh	25.00%	23.44%	21.57%	-.036	.810	-0.081	.624	-.045	.812
6.2.2. Block-fh+Topspin-fh	23.57%	50.00%	43.14%	.557	<.001	0.419	.009	-.138	.465
6.2.3. Block-fh+Attack-fh	14.29%	10.94%	9.80%	-.101	.513	-0.138	.418	-.037	.844
6.2.4. Block-fh+Block-fh	12.14%	6.25%	7.84%	-.207	.200	-0.144	.402	.062	.739
6.2.5. -6.2.x other	25.00%	9.38%	17.65%	-.425	.010	-0.180	.287	.245	.193
6.3.’Fishing’-bh+Counterattack	n = 105	n = 30	n = 25							31.6	<.001	.474
6.3.1. ‘Fishing’-bh+Topspin-fh	32.38%	40.00%	52.00%	.159	.439	0.400	.069	.241	.377
6.3.2.’Fishing’-bh+ Fishing'-bh	39.05%	10.00%	8.00%	-.706	.003	-0.776	.004	-.070	.798
6.3.3. ‘Fishing’-bh+Topspin-bh	13.33%	13.33%	8.00%	<.001	1.00	-0.174	.467	-.174	.530
6.3.4. ‘Fishing’-bh+Fast attack-bh	3.81%	13.33%	28.00%	.355	.053	0.722	<.001	.368	.181
6.3.x. ‘Fishing’-bh+other	11.43%	23.33%	4.00%	0.319	0.101	-0.287	0.268	-0.606	0.048
6.4.’Fishing’-fh+Counterattack	n = 49	n = 30	n = 47
6.4.1. ‘Fishing’-fh+Topspin-fh	14.29%	50.00%	55.32%	0.796	0.001	0.902	<0.001	0.107	0.650	29.0	<.001	.529
6.4.2.’Fishing’-fh+Chop-bh	18.37%	16.67%	27.66%	-0.045	0.848	0.222	0.282	0.267	0.270
6.4.3. -6.4.x other	67.35%	33.33%	17.02%	-0.694	0.004	-1.075	<0.001	-0.380	0.103
7.Push+Counterattack
7.1.Push-bh+Counterattack	n = 133	n = 123	n = 163
7.1.1. Push-bh+Topspin-fh	27.82%	47.15%	42.33%	0.403	0.002	0.306	0.010	-0.097	0.417	36.2	<.001	.323
7.1.2. Push-bh+Block-bh	21.05%	9.76%	7.98%	-0.318	0.014	-0.381	0.001	-0.063	0.598
7.1.3.Push-bh+Push-bh	9.02%	6.50%	12.27%	-0.094	0.454	0.106	0.372	0.200	0.105
7.1.4. Push-bh+Topspin-bh	7.52%	8.94%	4.91%	0.052	0.679	-0.109	0.351	-0.161	0.176
7.1.5. Push-bh+Fast attack-fh	9.02%	4.88%	1.84%	-0.165	0.196	-0.338	0.005	-0.173	0.146
7.1.6.Push-bh+Push-fh	6.77%	5.69%	3.07%	-0.045	0.723	-0.174	0.137	-0.130	0.274
7.1.7-7.1.11 other	18.80%	17.07%	27.61%	-0.045	0.720	0.210	0.077	0.255	0.037
7.2.Push-fh+Counterattack	n = 165	n = 128	n = 263							18.1	.054	.205
7.2.1. Push-fh+Topspin-fh	31.52%	43.75%	45.63%
7.2.2. Push-fh+Block-bh	20.61%	17.19%	14.07%
7.2.3. Push-fh+Topspin-bh	9.09%	9.38%	8.37%
7.2.4. Push-fh+Block-fh	9.09%	9.38%	6.46%
7.2.5. Push-fh+Fast attack-bh	5.45%	3.13%	9.13%
7.2.6. -7.2.12 other	24.24%	17.19%	16.35%	-.175	.144	-.197	.045	-.022	.835
8.Attack-against-chop+Counterattack
8.1.Aac-Topspin-fh+Counterattack	n = 228	n = 228	n = 180							49.5	<.001	.319
8.1.1.Aac-Topspin-fh+Topspin-fh	64.47%	87.72%	80.56%	.561	<.001	.364	<.001	-.197	.047
8.1.2. Aac-Topspin-fh+Fast attack-fh	25.00%	7.02%	13.33%	-.511	<.001	-.300	.004	.211	.034
8.1.3.Aac-Topspin-fh+Push-fh	7.46%	0.44%	3.33%	-.421	<.001	-.186	.074	.235	.026
8.1.x. Aac-Topspin-fh+other	3.07%	4.82%	2.78%	.091	.337	-.017	.862	-.108	.291
8.2.Aac-Topspin-bh+Counterattack	n = 10	n = 17	n = 13							3.0	.221	.347
8.2.1.Aac-Topspin-bh+Topspin-fh	60.00%	88.24%	69.23%
8.2.2. Aac-Topspin-bh+Fast attack-fh	40.00%	11.76%	30.77%
9. Chop+Counterattack
9.1.Chop-bh+Counterattack	n = 145	n = 141	n = 96							39.8	<.001	.355
9.1.1.Chop-bh+Chop-bh	28.28%	49.65%	41.67%	.442	<.001	.282	.032	-.160	.228
9.1.2. Chop-bh+Fast attack-fh	24.14%	21.99%	17.71%	-.051	.666	-.158	.236	-.107	.422
9.1.3.Chop-bh+Chop-fh	19.31%	13.48%	5.21%	-.158	.184	-.449	.002	-.291	.039
9.1.4. Chop-bh+Fast attack-bh	4.14%	6.38%	14.58%	.101	.395	.374	.004	.273	.037
9.1.5.Chop-bh+’Fishing’-fh	5.52%	2.84%	8.33%	-.136	.259	.111	.391	.247	.059
9.1.6. - 9.1.8 other	18.62%	5.67%	12.50%	-.411	.001	-.170	.208	.242	.065
9.2.Chop-fh+Counterattack	n = 65	n = 31	n = 16							21.5	.002	.476
9.2.1.Chop-fh+Chop-bh	33.85%	38.71%	12.50%	.101	.642	-.519	.098	-.620	.069
9.2.2. Chop-fh+Fast attack-fh	10.77%	35.48%	12.50%	.608	.005	.054	.844	-.553	.102
9.2.3.Chop-fh+Chop-fh	20.00%	12.90%	6.25%	-.192	.396	-.422	.196	-.229	.487
9.2.4. -9.2.6 other	35.38%	12.90%	68.75%	-.539	.024	.681	.018	1.220	<.001

h-Cohen – the value of h Cohen indicator (effect size), p* - statistical significance at p<0.017, χ2 – the value of chi-square test, p – the significance of χ2 test, Ccorr - corrected contingency coefficient.