Table 5. Means (± standard deviation) of relative activation time for each muscle in each starting phase for both backstroke start variants.
| Variant |
Variable |
Phase |
Biceps Brachii |
Triceps Brachii |
Tibialis Anterior |
Gastrocnemius Medialis |
Rectus Femoris |
Biceps Femoris |
| Upper limbs horizontally positioned |
Active IEMG (%CIVM) |
Hands-off |
90.63(12.43) |
73.47 (23.91) |
74.91 (15.48) |
53.50 (14.35) |
53.71 (17.23) |
86.86 (11.76) |
| Take-off |
95.14 (10.28) |
72.76 (17.59) |
83.77 (15.98) |
89.46 (13.41) |
86.34 (13.08) |
90.68 (12.00) |
| Flight |
95.59 (12.18) |
55.39 (20.90) |
68.46 (14.55) |
79.76 (21.01) |
72.42 (19.48) |
87.77 (14.52) |
| Entry |
90.84 (19.54) |
64.56 (13.22) |
65.45 (15.49) |
69.22 (21.59) |
71.93 (19.88) |
88.75 (11.13) |
| Upper limbs vertically positioned |
Hands-off |
94.84 (9.87) |
64.83 (27.95) |
71.29 (19.45) |
54.05 (16.60) |
50.96 (21.63) |
92.86 (7.33) |
| Take-off |
97.51 (3.86) |
73.15 (23.71) |
84.45 (22.83) |
93.31 (6.24) |
85.16 (14.87) |
94.24 (10.11) |
| Flight |
91.81 (11.35) |
52.23 (24.83) |
59.70 (26.92) |
82.37 (21.59) |
73.72 (16.70) |
91.12 (11.43) |
| Entry |
91.06 (13.44) |
55.82 (27.44) |
65.03 (17.99) |
75.14 (15.88) |
80.13 (15.32) |
89.42 (9.17) |
