Table 5. Protein phosphorylation and mRNA expression. Values are mean (±SD).

	CONT group (n = 10)				WGFE group (n = 10)
	Week 0		Week 12		Week 0		Week 12
	Pre- exercise	Post- exercise	Pre- exercise	Post- exercise	Pre- exercise	Post- exercise	Pre- exercise	Post- exercise
Phosphorylated to non-phosphorylated protein ratio
AKT1	1.00 (.00)	2.23 (2.58)	.91 (.61)	1.25 (1.00)	1.00 (.00)	1.62 (2.30)	1.89 (2.48)	.84 (1.20)
mTOR	1.00 (.00)	1.52 (.98)	1.14 (1.40)	2.61 (2.84)	1.00 (.00)	3.79 (4.99)	1.60 (1.56)	5.47 (4.75)*‡
p70s6k	1.00 (.00)	4.86 (5.13)*	1.46 (1.24)	3.64 (4.42)	1.00 (.00)	2.50 (2.09)	.78 (.50)	4.95 (3.16)
FOXO3a	1.00 (.00)	1.04 (1.03)	1.64 (1.89)	1.31 (1.20)	1.00 (.00)	.94 (.38)	.97 (.25)	1.16 (.81)
mRNA expression
IGF-1Ea mRNA	1.00 (.00)	.77 (.56)	.96 (.52)	.78 (.31)	1.00 (.00)	1.21 (1.02)	1.40 (.49)	.98 (.76)
Atrogin-1 mRNA	1.00 (.00)	.60 (.54)	1.07 (.51)	.41 (.24)	1.00 (.00)	.57 (.41)	1.58 (1.24)†	.80 (.60)‡
MHC I mRNA	1.00 (.00)	1.14 (.56)	1.28 (1.06)	1.13 (.94)	1.00 (.00)	1.37 (.66)	1.50 (.94)	.95 (.79)
MHC IIa mRNA	1.00 (.00)	1.01 (.48)	.87 (.48)	.95 (.82)	1.00 (.00)	1.27 (.84)	1.48 (1.14)	.86 (.35)
MHC IIx mRNA	1.00 (.00)	1.16 (1.58)	1.10 (2.27)	.48 (.39)	1.00 (.00)	1.00 (.67)	1.48 (1.76)	.94 (.91)

CONT = Control, WGFE = Whey Growth Factor Extract.*significantly different from Week 0 pre-exercise† significantly different from Week 0 pre-exercise.‡significantly different from Week 12 pre-exercise.