Table 5. Parameters of the included animal studies

First author, Year	n	Animal	Muscle group	Intensity of electrical stimulation	Velocity	Range of Motion Stretch/shortening	Muscle/fibre length at beginning	Notice
Bullimore, 2008	6	Frog (Xenopus laevis)	Lumbrical muscle, single fibres	Slightly less than maximal	Stretch: 0.1 fibre length/s Shortening: maximal possible velocity	0.05 L0 / 0,25,50,75,100,200,300,400 % of stretch distance	1.15 L0	Delay of 600 ms between stretch and shortening
Cavagna, 1968	5	Frog/Toad (Rana esculenta and Bufo bufo)	Sartorius and gastrocnemius	Slightly less than maximal	3-60 mm/s	3 mm / 3 mm	?	Also on man’s forearm flexor
Cavagna, 1974	12	Frog/Toad (Rana esculenta and Bufo bufo)	Gastrocnemius, sartorius and semitendinosus	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch:3-4mm/s shortening: 190,170 mm/s	5 mm / 5 mm	-2.5mm L0
Cavagna, 1981	21	Frog (Rana esculanta)	Sartorius	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 1.1 or 22.9mm/s Shortening: 180, 210 or 285mm/s	2 mm / 2 mm	L0
Cavagna, 1994	37	Frog (Rana temporaria)	Carput laterale and tibialis anterior, single fibres	Supramaximal stimulation	Between 0.5 – 8.6 % of sarcomere strain	0.03-1.8 sarcomer length/s / isotonic release	?
Ettema, 1990a	5	Rat (Wistar)	Gastrocnemius medialis	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 5, 10 or 20 mm/s Shortening: 40 mm/s	1.33, 2.5 or 5 mm / 6 mm	L0-1 mm, L0+1.5 mm or L0+2.75 mm
Ettema, 1990b	5	Rat (Wistar)	Gastrocnemius medialis	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 20mm/s Shortening: ?	4 mm / 4 mm	L0
Ettema, 1992	7	Rat (Wistar)	Gastrocnemius medialis	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch:20 mm/s Shortening: 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mm/s	5 mm / 5 mm	-2mm L0
Fukutani, 2017	49	Rabbit (New Zealand white rabbit)	Soleus, Single fibres	Maximal	Stretch: 0.17, 0.3 or 1.2 µm/s Shortening: 0.3 µm/s	6 µm / 6 µm	2.4 µm
Fukutani, 2018	43	Rabbit (New Zealand white rabbit)	Soleus, single fibres	?	Stretch: 0.15µm/s Shortening: 48 or 600 µm/s	3 µm / 0.024 µm or 3 µm	2.724 µm or 3 µm
Herzog, 2000	8	Cat	Soleus	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 4 or 256 mm/s Shortening: 4 mm/s	4 mm / 4 mm	L0
Lee, 2001	6	Cat	Soleus	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 4, 16 or 64 mm/s Shortening: 4 mm/s	2,4,6 or 8 mm / 4 mm	L0+2 mm, L0, L0-2 mm, L0-4 mm
Sugi, 1988	?	Frog (Rana japonica)	Tibialis anterior, single fibres	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 0.02-0.2 of L0/s	5-9% of L0 / 4-12% of L0	L0
Takarada, 1997	?	Frog (Rana japonica)	Tibialis anterior, single fibres	Supramaximal stimulation	Stretch: 0.08-1,0 L0/s Shortening:1.0L0/s	0.08 L0 / 0.02 L0	?	Also on human elbow flexion

LO: Muscle length in resting tension