Table 5. Flexor/ extensor ratio of normalized activation for both two-handed backhand strokes.
Flexor/ Extensor Ratio |
Drive volley (Mean ± SD) |
Groundstroke (Mean ± SD) |
p-value |
Effect size |
Preparation |
Wrist joint |
Leading arm |
1.65 ± 0.49 |
1.54 ± 0.43 |
.51 |
0.22 |
Trailing arm |
0.59 ± 0.35 |
0.74 ± 0.44 |
.01* |
0.38 |
Elbow joint |
Leading arm |
1.05 ± 0.94 |
0.96 ± 0.63 |
.56 |
0.11 |
Trailing arm |
1.07 ± 0.54 |
1.29 ± 0.85 |
.10 |
0.31 |
Early Acceleration |
Wrist joint |
Leading arm |
2.10 ± 1.94 |
1.45 ± 1.24 |
.06 |
0.40 |
Trailing arm |
1.01 ± 0.87 |
1.25 ± 0.98 |
.03* |
0.25 |
Elbow joint |
Leading arm |
0.82 ± 0.43 |
1.23 ± 0.82 |
.14 |
0.62 |
Trailing arm |
1.92 ± 1.32 |
1.92 ± 1.23 |
.98 |
0.00 |
Late Acceleration |
Wrist joint |
Leading arm |
0.65 ± 0.33 |
0.52 ± 0.15 |
.12 |
0.50 |
Trailing arm |
1.29 ± 0.62 |
1.38 ± 0.51 |
.47 |
0.16 |
Elbow joint |
Leading arm |
1.94 ± 1.10 |
1.94 ± 1.09 |
.99 |
0.01 |
Trailing arm |
1.76 ± 1.46 |
1.81 ± 1.76 |
.74 |
0.03 |
Early Follow-through |
Wrist joint |
Leading arm |
1.00 ± 0.96 |
0.90 ± 0.58 |
.68 |
0.12 |
Trailing arm |
0.88 ± 0.38 |
0.94 ± 0.35 |
.34 |
0.18 |
Elbow joint |
Leading arm |
2.12 ± 1.63 |
1.95 ± 1.23 |
.49 |
0.12 |
Trailing arm |
0.62 ± 0.45 |
0.62 ± 0.47 |
.98 |
0.00 |
Late Follow-through |
Wrist joint |
Leading arm |
1.01 ± 1.04 |
1.26 ± 1.18 |
.10 |
0.22 |
Trailing arm |
2.18 ± 1.65 |
2.88 ± 1.52 |
.09 |
0.44 |
Elbow joint |
Leading arm |
5.49 ± 2.43 |
3.95 ± 2.33 |
.01* |
0.65 |
Trailing arm |
0.27 ± 0.17 |
0.21 ± 0.11 |
.40 |
0.39 |
*p < .05