Table 6. The main results of the studies that examined the effects of protein supplementation on recovery kinetics in team sports.
Study Type of
exercise test		 Supplementation Muscle damage
markers		 Inflammatory markers
/oxidative markers		 Muscle
soreness		 Performance
markers
Arent et al., 2010 Graded maximal treadmill test
to exhaustion		 Resurgex Plus®
vs isocaloric
placebo		 Resurgex < PLA:
↑ CK		 Resurgex < PLA:
↑ 8-isoprostane & LPO		 ------ Resurgex = PLA
VO2max, VLT & time-to-exhaustion
Betts et al., 2009 90 min of high-intensity
intermittent
shuttle-running		 CHO vs CHO+PRO CHO + WP = CHO: ↑ CK
CHO + WP = CHO: ↑ Myoglobin
CHO + WP = CHO: ↑ LDH		 CHO + WP =
CHO: ↑ IL-6
CHO + WP =
CHO: ↑ IL-10
CHO + WP = CHO:
↑ IL-1 receptor antagonist
CHO + WP =
CHO: ↑ CRP		 CHO+WP
=
CHO		 CHO + WP = CHO: Peak
isometric force
Cockburn et al., 2013 Unilateral knee flexions (6 sets x 10 reps, 1.05 rad/s-1, 90-s rest) on isokinetic
dynamometer		 Semi-skimmed milk vs water SSM = Water: CK
SSM = Water: Myoglobin		 ------ SSM
=
Water		 SSM = Water: CM jump height
SSM = Water: Reactive strength
SSM < Water (tendency): ↑10-m & 15-m sprint time
Gentle et al., 2014 87-min
basketball game stimulation test		 CHO meal vs CHO+PRO meal CHO+PRO < CHO: ↑ CK ------ CHO+PRO =CHO CHO+PRO > CHO: Free
throw success
CHO+PRO < CHO
(tendency): Mean sprint time
CHO+PRO = CHO:
Jump height
Gilson et al., 2010 4-day soccer training period, with increased training duration CHO vs Low-fat chocolate milk LCM = CHO : Myoglobin, LCM < CHO: ↑ CK (at 4d) ------ LCM
=
CHO		 LCM = CHO
T-drill, Vertical jump, isometric quadriceps force (MVC) &
fatigue ratings
Gunnarsson et al., 2013 A competitive soccer match Normal diet vs high carbohydrate-high protein diet WP + CHO > NDiet: ↑ CK (at 24h)
WP + CHO < NDiet: ↑ Myoglobin		 ------ ------ ------
Highton et al., 2013 Modified LIST CHO vs CHO+PRO ------ ------ ------ WP + CHO = CHO:
Distance covered
WP + CHO = CHO:
Maximal speed
WP + CHO < CHO:
↑ Average speed
Naclerio et al., 2014 90-min
Intermittent
repeated sprint test		 PLA vs CHO
vs CHO+PRO multi-ingredient		 WPCM < CHO & PL: ↑ CK (at 24h)
WPCM (tendency) & CHO < PL: ↑ myoglobin (at 1h)		 WPCM = CHO = PL: ↑ IL-6 ------ WPCM = CHO = PL:
Total sprint time
WPCM = CHO = PL:
15-m sprint time
Naclerio et al., 2015 90-min
IRS test		 PLA vs CHO
vs CHO+PRO multi-ingredient		 WPCM = CHO = PL: ↑ CK (at 24h)
WPCM & CHO < PL: ↑ myoglobin
(at 1h)		 WPCM = CHO = PL: ↑ IL-6
CHO < WPCM & PL: ↑ Neutrophil
CHO < WPCM & PL: ↑ Monocyte
WPCM = CHO = PL: Lymphocytes		 ------ WPCM = CHO = PL:
Total sprint time
WPCM = CHO = PL:
Time IRS+15-m sprint
WPCM < CHO & PL:
Perception of fatigue
Poulios et al., 2018 Two-trial
(2 weeks), 2 soccer
matches & 4 practices/week		 Milk Protein Smooth (PRO)
vs isoenergetic
placebo
(maltodextrin)		 PRO=PL: ↑ CK
PRO=PLA: ↑WBC(Post G1-Post G2)
PRO=PL:
↑Granulocyte
(Post G1-Post G2)		 PRO=PL: ↑TBARS
(G1-D2,G2-D1),
PL: ↑TBARS(G1-D1, G1-D3,G2-D2), PRO=PL: ↑PC(G1-D1,
G1-D2, G1-D3, G2-D1), PL: ↑PC(G2-D3)
PRO=PL ↓GSH(G1-D1,
G1-D2, G1-D3),
PRO>PL :↑GSH(G2-D1), PRO=PL: ↑TAC		 PRO=PL:
↑DOMS
(G1-D1,
G1-D2,
G1-D3,
G2-D1,
G2-D2,
G2-D3)		 PRO=PL: ↑10-m sprint, ↑30-m
sprint(G1-D1, G1-D2, G1-D3,
G2-D1, G2-D2, G2-D3),
PRO=PLA:↓CMJ(G1-D1, G1-D2,
G1-D3, G2-D1, G2-D2, G2-D3)
PRO<PL: ↓KF eccentric
strength(4h post G2), PRO<PL:
↓KE concentric strength,
PRO<PL: ↓High-intensity running(G2 75–90 min vs.
0–15 min), PL: ↓HR, ↓TD
PL, placebo; LPO, lipid hydroperoxides; VO2max, maximal oxygen consumption; VLT, velocity at lactate threshold; CHO, carbohydrates; PRO, protein; WP, whey protein; CK, creatine kinase activity; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase activity; IL, interleukin; CRP, C reactive protein; s, seconds; d, days; SSM, semi-skimmed milk; LCM, low-fat chocolate milk; CM, counter-movement; MVC, maximal voluntary contraction; NDiet, normal diet; ↑, increase; WPCM, whey protein carbohydrate multi-ingredient supplement; IRS, intermittent repeated sprint, G, Game; WBC, White blood cells; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid; PC, Protein carbonyls; GSH: Glutathione; KF, Knee Flexors; KE, Knee Extensors; TD, Total Distance.