Review article - (2025)24, 311 - 325
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2025.311
Kinematics of Topspin Stroke Combinations in Table Tennis and its Inter-Individual Variability
Ziemowit Bańkosz1,, Sławomir Winiarski2
1Department of Sports Didactics, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
2Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland

Ziemowit Bańkosz
✉ Department of Biomechanics, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
Email: ziemowit.bankosz@awf.wroc.pl
Received: 22-07-2024 -- Accepted: 09-04-2025
Published (online): 01-06-2025

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to (1) determine the kinematics of the different body parts during the execution of one of the basic combinations of plays – a few selected strokes and the footwork used to combine them, and (2) evaluate the variation of these kinematics. The study included eight male advanced-level (polish national team) table tennis players (aged 22.7 ± 2.7 years). All of them were right-handed and presented an offensive style of play. Participants performed one task: performing a series of topspin strokes. Kinematic parameters were measured using the MR3 myoMuscle Master Edition system. The movement of the playing hand was used to assess specific cycle events. Angular values and velocities of the body segments and maximal linear velocities of the playing hand were calculated. The basic statistics were applied. Quartile coefficients of variation were used to assess the interindividual variability. The research made it possible to determine the kinematics of the strokes used in the combination of plays in table tennis. The essential elements of coordination of movements during the combination of three topspin strokes were indicated. Players make strokes during a series of plays at high frequency and velocity (up to several hundred degrees/s at some joints), reducing the ranges of motion in specific body segments, which were observed to be smaller (even up to several dozen degrees) than the analogous ranges reported in the literature for single strokes. This seems to be a significant note to players and coaches in table tennis. In addition, the players execute the stroke slightly differently than in single strokes, which is caused by the need to combine the striking movement with footwork and quickly position themselves for subsequent hits. The players also used different, variable execution patterns (different angles – settings in the joints), although the effect – in the form of the maximum velocity of the playing hand – was very similar. This can be considered a manifestation of a phenomenon called “functional movement variability,” which means that athletes adjust their movements using different movement patterns but achieve similar results regarding maximum linear hand speed. This highlights the importance of the individualisation process in table tennis.

Key words: Sports, movement coordination, movement variability, complex sport technique

Key Points
  • The research carried out in this work allowed to determine the kinematics of combination strokes - a combination of three different topspin strokes
  • The most important elements of coordination of movements during the tasks performed, that is, the combination of three different topspin strokes, are indicated.
  • The study found that players make strokes during a series of plays at high velocity, reducing the ranges of motion in specific body segments.
  • In the strokes performed in the series, the players used different execution patterns (different angles – settings in the joints), although the effect – in the form of the maximum velocity of the playing hand – was very similar. This can be considered a manifestation of a phenomenon called “functional movement variability,” which means that athletes adjust their movements, using different movement patterns, but achieve similar results in terms of maximum linear hand speed.








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