This study was conducted with the objective of examining the changes in intrinsic motivation by the level of self-talk used by shooting athletes during competition. No statistically significant differences were observed from examining the difference in self-talk by career. This result differs from that of a study by McCormick et al. (2015) which claimed that thinking and self-talk change as the participants’ abilities improve. Specifically, while participants engage in self-disciplinary talk to assist the acquisition of exercise skills in the beginning of their training by reminding themselves of important training situations, the study claimed that self-talk becomes briefer and less frequent as they gain proficiency. This discrepancy can be attributed to the fact that any athlete in the teams regardless of past experience has the potential of winning with a slight difference in skill level. However, Highlen and Bennet (1983) reported that experienced wrestlers use considerably more self-talk as compared to inexperienced athletes, and Rushall et al. (1988) confirmed that positive self-talk was effective in improving performance in sports tasks such as basketball, tennis, and skiing. Ming and Martin (1996) reported that beginner figure skaters using self-talk showed improved performance, and Mallett and Hanraha (1997) confirmed that self-talk had a consistent effect on better times in 100 m sprinting. This is because positive self-talk improves performance-related motivation and increases self-confidence, and is thereby effective in performing, preparing for performance, triggering desirable movements, providing self-compensations, improving effort, controlling attention, regulating anxiety and wakefulness, and assisting rehabilitation (Sellars, 1997). Further, in the present study, a statistically significant difference was observed for the differences in intrinsic motivation by self-talk used by shooting athletes. This indicates that athletes using self-talk experience more fun and interest, and perceive higher effort value and competence. This result is identical to a study by Weinberg et al. (1992) which claimed that, while self-talk helps performance, it also has a considerable effect on increasing motivation and self-confidence, as well as preparing the user for future performances. In particular, self-talk in the context of exercise tasks increased self-control, such as self-confidence and motivation (Van Raalte et al., 1994), and positive self-statement was found to a) increase self-compensation and effort, b) heighten attentivity and wakefulness, c) regulate anxiety and affect recovery from injury, and d) have a great effect on the psychological preparation for future performances (Hardy et al., 1996). Conversely, a study by Hatzigeorgiadis and Biddle (2008) noted that self-talk generally causes anxiety and may reduce sports performance. Similar to the present study results, it has been found that psychological obstacles that affect the athletic performance of athletes in competition include anxiety, lack of confidence, distraction and failure to control emotions, pressure, game situation, interpersonal situation, physiological condition, aggression, stress, goal setting, level of desire, self-conception, form of attention, mental strength, cohesiveness, and observation, and that if the above factors are not controlled adequately, athletic performance deteriorates markedly (Hagan et al., 2017b). In additional several studies reported psycho-physiological relationship, Haufler et al. (2000) noted that relative economy in the cortical processes of shooters, relative to controls, during the specific challenge with which they are highly practiced. Deeny et al. (2003) also demonstrated compared to experienced shooters experts are less involved in psychological communication, especially between the left temporal association and motor control areas, which means that cognitive participation in the motor process is reduced. This relationship highlights significant cortico-cortical communication differences between competition and practice conditions during aiming period for shooting (Woo and Kim, 2017). Finally, the relationship between self-talk and intrinsic motivation was investigated through a correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. From the relationships in the correlations between self-talk and intrinsic motivation, statistically significant relationships were observed in self-talk with reference to effort value, fun and interest, and competence, but there was no significant relationship in self-talk with to tension and anxiety. Further, by investigating the relationship between self-talk and intrinsic motivation through a multiple regression analysis, self-talk was found to affect the motivational factors of effort value, and fun and interest. Therefore, while the correlation between self-talk and motivational factors are relationships, increased positive self-talk was found to affect athletes’ effort value, and fun and interest factors. |