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© Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2007) Suppl. 10 , 111 - 137
26. PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTING OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS P-001 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery performance test, body composition and biochemistry markers in young soccer players Pablo
Christiano Barboza Lollo1, José Vitor Vieira Salgado2, Paulo Endrighi3,
Rui Shibucawa3, João Guilherme Cren Chiminazzo3, Fabio Henrique Matias3,
Miguel De Arruda2 and Celio Kenji Miyasaka1 OBJECTIVE Some authors have described the importance of the anaerobic capacity for the performance of the soccer athletes. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (BANGSBO, 1996) has been widely proposed to follow the anaerobic capacity of soccer athlete, during the season. The objective of the present study was to verify the performance of young athletes in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, body composition and the activity of creatine-phospho-kinase (CPK) in Brazilian young soccer players. METHODS The subjects (n=24) 16,4 years old aged, were maintained in lodging of team, with daily training. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, body composition and CPK enzyme was performed in the midway of season (August, 2006). The results (Table 1) were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). RESULTS REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Yo-Yo recovery test, Brazilian young soccer players, body composition,
creatine-phospho-kinase. P-002 Oxygen uptake during soccer Hannes
Gatterer OBJECTIVE So far no study has provided accurate and valid data of measured oxygen uptake (VO2) during soccer. The physiological demands have been determined mainly by monitoring heart rate (HR). Establishing the relationship between HR and VO2 in the laboratory subsequently allows calculating VO2 in a game. However, the validity of the HR-VO2 relationship in intermittent exercise may be questionable Crisafulli et al (2006). According to (Stolen et al. 2005) new gas analysers (~500g) should allow accurate measurement of VO2, but at present no such study has been performed. Therefore the aim of this study was to measure VO2 with a portable gas analyser during real match play. METHODS Two healthy amateur soccer players (24 and 25 years, 179 and 178 cm, 77 and 69 kg) participated in this study. During a friendly soccer match, VO2 of each of the two subjects was measured with a portable gas analyser (Cosmed K4, 800g) for one half. HR (Polar) was continuously monitored over the whole time. VO2max was deter-mined by an exhausting 600m-run performed directly after the halves. RESULTS Subjects obtained a VO2max of 65.8 and 56.2 ml/(min*kg). The average VO2's during match play were 37.4±6.8 and 34.3±6.4 ml/(min*kg), corresponding to 56.8 and 61.0% of VO2max. Average HR's were 167±9 and 176±11 b/min in the first half and 164±10 and 179±11 b/min in the second. Over the whole time average HR's were 166±9 and 177±11 b/min, corresponding to 87.4% and 87.7% of HRmax. DISCUSSION The intensity of the play, given by %HRmax, was the same as reported by other studies (82-86%Hfmax) (Helgerud et al., 2001). The intensity, given by %VO2max, in contrast differed from data reported in the literature (70-%VO2max) (Bangsbo, 1994). However data from literature were only estimates of VO2 from HR. The results of this study suggested that the accuracy of this method was questionable, thus further work with more players was required. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Soccer, oxygen uptake, heart rate. P-003 Aerobic fitness in futsal players of different competitive level: a preliminary study José Carlos
Barbero Álvarez1, Stefano D'Ottavio2 and Carlo Castagna2 OBJECTIVE Futsal or 5-a-side indoor soccer is a popular team sport played all over the world. However despite its popularity only limited scientific literature is available regarding the physiological demands of the game and players' fitness. The aim of this descriptive research-design was to examine the aerobic-fitness (VO2max, VT, RE, Pate and Kriska 1984) level of players of different competitive levels in order to study whether aerobic fitness is a discriminative variable in Futsal success, and to establish normative data to be used to guide futsal coaches and fitness trainers, in designing specific training interventions METHODS Participants were 24 male futsal players randomly chosen from three teams of different competitive levels: A Spanish professional top ranked second division team (PST n=11) a youth Spanish team (YST n=7, and a semi-professional Italian top ranked Third division team (IT, n=6).Treadmill gas analysis were performed using a portable gas analyzer (K4b2, COSMED, Rome, Italy). RESULTS PST, YST and IT VO2max was 62.9± 5.34, 68.6 ±6.2 and 55.0±7.1 ml kg-1 min-1respectively (YST vs IT, p<0.05). RE was 34.1± 2.7, 38 ±3.1 and 32.4± 2.7 for PST, YST and IT respectively (YST vs IT, p<0.05). PST, YST and IT attained VT at 70.5± 2.7, 67.9 ±5.2 and 71.3± 5.2% of VO2max respectively. Results showed that well-trained professional futsal players possessed a VO2max well above 60 ml kg-1 min-1. DISCUSSION For adult players (PST plus IT) to play successfully seems to require a VO2max between 55 and 60 ml kg-1 min-1 (whatever the level is). Percentage of VO2max at VT seems not to be related to competitive level in Futsal. Once promoted a VO2max level around 55 ml kg-1 min-1 training programs should be oriented to other components of performance REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Training, maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold, 5-a-side soccer. P-004 Technical performance during short term soccer specific exercise Thomas
Rostgaard1, Fedon Marcello Iaia2, Jens Bangsbo and Dawn Scott1 OBJECTIVE During a game soccer players perform intermittent exercise with changes in activity every 3-5 s involv-ing jumps, turns, tackles, high speed runs and sprints. This has been shown to induce fatigue both temporarily during a match and towards the end of a game (Mohr et al., 2003). However, it is unclear to what extent intense short term in-termittent exercise affects a player's technical skills. The aim of this study was to examine the technical performance of soccer players during 15 min of specific intermittent exercise resembling intense periods of a soccer game, and relate this to the technical performance without prior intense exercise and to the physical capacity of the players. METHODS On separate days, a physical-technical test (PT-test) with ten long kicks separated by intense intermittent exercise, a control test (CON-test) with ten long kicks without intense exercise, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) was performed (n=21). Each kick was evaluated from 0 (miss) to 3 (perfect), and also the rela-tive test result (PT-test/CON-test) was calculated. RESULTS The summed performance of the first five repetitions during the PT-test was higher (p<0.05) than for the last five repetitions (8.4 ± 0.6 vs. 6.9 ± 0.5). The summed performance in the PT-test was lower (p<0.05) than in the CON-test (14.8±0.9 (±SE) vs. 22.5±1.2). Thus, the performance difference (PT-vs.CON-test) was greater (p<0.05) during kicks 6-10 compared to kicks 1-5 (42.9±0.61% vs. 20.5±0.56%). Neither PT-test nor relative PT-test perform-ance was related to the Yo-Yo IR2 performance. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated that a player's ability to kick is progressively influenced by intense exercise resembling the most intense periods during a game where fatigue may occur. However, the Yo-Yo IR2 performance (Krustrup et al., 2006) was not correlated with any PT-test performance measures suggesting that the technical perform-ance of a player is not solely dependent on the physical performance REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Technical performance, kick, Yo-Yo IR2, soccer. P-005 Reliability of a repeated sprint ability test during simulated team-sport running activity on a non-motorised treadmill Anita
Sirotic and Aaron Coutts OBJECTIVE A crucial part of team sports is the ability to repeatedly generate maximal sprints (1-6s) interspersed with brief recovery periods (<21s). Several studies have examined the reliability of repeated sprint ability (RSA) using mainly a 5 x 6s sprint cycle test (McGawley et al., 2006). However, no study has examined the reliability of performing a pre-fatigued 5 x 6s RSA test during team-sport match activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of a 5 x 6s RSA test in a pre-fatigued state. To achieve a pre-fatigued state each subject completed a 30min team-sport simulation on a non-motorised treadmill (NMT), prior to performing a 5 x 6s RSA test. The protocol was designed to mimic the work profile of most team sports and was based on time-motion data of various football codes. METHODS Eleven male athletes of various football codes completed three 30min team-sport simulations followed by a 5 x 6s RSA test on a NMT, 6 days apart. Reliability of RSA performance and fatigue variables were analysed using the methods of Bland et al. (1986). Decrement scores were calculated using the following equation: 100-([total sprint performance ÷ ideal sprint performance x 5])x100). RESULTS
Table 1 shows the grand mean value for trials 2 and 3, coefficient of
variation (CV), ratio limits of agree-ment, technical error of measurement
(TEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for sprint performance
and fatigue variables measured during the 5 x 6s RSA test. No significant
differences in sprint performance or fatigue vari-ables were found between
trial 2 and trial 3. DISCUSSION In this study decrement calculations were found to have less reliability than performance variables. This is in agreement with previous research showing poor reliability of fatigue variables in cycling and running RSA tests (Hughes et al., 2006; McGawley et al., 2006). We suggest the use of performance variables such as the total work com-pleted during the pre-fatigued 5 x 6s RSA test to measure and monitor RSA in team-sport athletes. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Ecological reproducibility, ratio limits of agreement, match simulation,
fatigue. P-006 Comparison of anaerobic tests in young soccer players Utku Alemdaroglu1,
Alper Asci2, Tahir Hazir2, Sinem Hazir2, Zambak Sahin2 and Caner Acikada2 OBJECTIVE Wingate bicycle test and Bosco jump test were widely used to determine the anaerobic power and capac-ity. A limitation of wingate test was the lack of development and retrieval of stored-elastic energy due to lack of an eccentric phase. On the other hand, Bosco test was attractive for activities that involved repeated use of the stretch-shortening cycle in jumping motions of the lower extremity.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among different type of anaerobic power and capacity tests in young soccer players. 12 male young soccer players (age= 15.45 ± 0.45 years) volunteered to participate in the 30 sec wingate bicycle ergometer test (WANT), 30 sec Bosco multiple jump (MJ) and repeated zigzag agility test (RHUFA). METHODS WANT was determined by Monark 894E cycle ergometer with a load set at 7.5% relative to body weight whereas MJ with hands-on-hips method was conducted on a rectangular switching mat. Sprint time was measured by an electronic chronometer including seven gate in RHUFA test performed on the grass. Blood samples were obtained from each player before and after the tests. RESULTS There were no significant relationships among peak power, average power and fatigue index obtained from the anaerobic tests. Significant differences were found among the anaerobic tests on the peak and average values of VO2 and heart rate during the tests. Furthermore, post exercise peak lactate concentration and VO2 were also significantly different among the tests (p<0.05). DISCUSSION The results of this study revealed that Bosco multiple jump, Wingate and repeated zigzag agility tests, though these tests anaerobic in nature, appeared to determine the different aspects of anaerobic characteristics. There-fore, it was suggested that although the tests had the same durations they could not be used interchangeably to deter-mine the anaerobic performance in young soccer players. KEY WORDS
Soccer, anaerobic power and capacity. P-007 Anaerobic power of junior elite soccer players: A new performance Lehance
Cédric1, Van Geersom Marc2 and Bury Thierry1 OBJECTIVE Soccer performance depends upon a myriad of factors. Although aerobic metabolism dominates the energy delivery during a soccer game, the most decisive actions are covered by means of anaerobic metabolism. To perform short sprints, jumps, tackles and duel play, anaerobic energy release is determinant with regard to who is sprint-ing fastest or jumping highest. The purpose of this study was to assess the development of anaerobic power in junior elite players aged between 15-19 years and to validate a performance rating (IP) of anaerobic power qualities. METHODS 186 players of Belgian junior national teams (U15, U16, U17, U18, U19) were evaluated. Anaerobic power testing session consisted of two mains parts: vertical jumps (countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump free arms (CMJfr) 6 seconds jumping test (6sec) and sprint (20m with sprint times at 5m, 10m and 20m). IP is calculated in the following way: see Figure 1. RESULTS
Vertical jump and sprint time performances of U17 where significantly
better than U15 performances (CMJ: +15%, p<0.05; CMJfr: +16%, p<0.05;
Reactivity ratio: +15.6%, p<0.05; 20m time: -4.3%, p<0.05). Between
U17 and U19 teams, only CMJfr showed significant difference (+7.6%, p<0.05).
Figure 1 presents IP for each category. We observed significant relations
(p<0.001) between IP and power values(LeGall et al. 2002). Figure 1. Performance rating (IP) of Belgian junior national teams (U15, U16, U17, U18, U19). CMJ: countermovement jump (cm); CMJfr: CMJ free arms (cm); 20m: 20m sprint (s); H: height (cm). *p<0.05. DISCUSSION The analysis of the evolution of anaerobic power factors in junior elite soccer players between age 15 and 19 showed an increasing progression with the highest increases between age 15 and 17 for all factors. The perform-ance rating, calculated starting from functional and anthropometric variables, appeared to be differential and allowed the identification of players with good anaerobic power potential. REFERENCE KEY WORDS
Anaerobic power, performance rating, vertical jump, sprint, junior players. P-008 Validity of aerobic field tests in young soccer players Mehmet
Ak1, Alper Asci2 Cengiz Akalan3 and Tahir Hazýr2 OBJECTIVE Information about aerobic power and capacity generated from the field tests can be used to make appro-priate adjustments to a player's training program. Although the aerobic power was accurately determined by indirect calorimeter, this form of assessment has disadvantages in terms of availability, cost, and time. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among different type of aerobic power and capacity tests in young soccer players. 36 male young soccer players (age= 16.6±1.2 years, VO2max= 55.72±4.94 ml.kg-1dk-1) volunteered to participate in the 12 min Cooper test (CT), Conconi test (ConT) and running test with a progressively increased workload protocol (PP). METHODS All subjects were tested approximately in two weeks during the competition period of young soccer league. VO2max was measured with Cosmed K4b2 portable oxygen analyser, and earlob-blood lactate concentrations were measured by YSI 1500 lactate analyser. Running velocities (RV) and HR corresponding to fixed lactate concentra-tions were determined from HR-Workload and Lactate-Workload graphics. RESULTS There were no significant relationships in VO2max between PP and CT. ConT threshold running velocity was significantly correlated with RV at 4 mMol.L-1 during PP. Furthermore, significant relationship was found on HR values between the PP and ConT tests. The highest correlation was found between the maximum distance covered in ConT and RV at 3 mmol.L-1 lactate in PP (r= 0.87; p<0.05). DISCUSSION The results of this study revealed that VO2max calculated from CT distance was not case sensitive to measured VO2max during the competition period. In addition, max distance covered in ConT could be better to deter-mine the running velocity at 3 mmol.L-1 and 4 mmol.L-1 lactate levels compared to the threshold velocity in ConT. KEY WORDS
Soccer, aerobic power, Conconi test, Cooper test. P-009 Effects on training status and health profile of prolonged participation in rec-reational football: Heart rate response to recreational football training and match-play Birgitte
Rejkjær Krustrup, Ian Rollo, Jens Jung Nielsen and Peter Krustrup OBJECTIVE Much knowledge exists about the physical demands of match-play and training for elite football players as well as physiological adaptations to elite football training, whereas little is known about recreational football. A recent study revealed that the aerobic loading was high during recreational 5v5 indoor training (Castagna et al. 2006) and suggested that regular participation would promote cardiovascular health. The present study examined the heart rate (HR) response to recreational outdoor soccer 7v7 training and 11v11 match-play performed at natural grass pitches. The effects of prolonged participation in recreational football on training status and selected health parameters were also investigated. 3 teams (n=12-14 per team) were studies for 3 months (T1+T2+T3), and one team over 2 years (T4, n=12). METHODS 52 untrained males (31±5 (±SD) yrs, 181±6 cm and 83.3±9.7 kg) participated. T1+T4 trained 2x120-min per week, T2 trained 2x60-min and played one 2x45 min game per week. T3 played two weekly games. HR was re-corded during standard training sessions (T1+T2) and match-play (T3). Several anthropometric and physiological measurements were performed before and after the training period (Durnin & Womersley 1973; Eurofit 1988; Krustrup et al. 2004). RESULTS Mean HR during training was 139±4 (T1) and 159±4 (T2) b.p.m. and match-HR was 157±4 b.p.m. (T3), or 74±1, 83±1 and 84±1% of HRmax. HR was >90% of HRmax for 15±5, 15±3 and 18±4 min. After 3 months, fat% and blood pressure was lower (p<0.05). In addition, balance test and Yo-Yo IE2 performance (42%) was better (p<0.05). After 2 yrs, body mass, fat% and sprint times (8%) were lower (p<0.05). In addition, lean body mass was 3.6 kg higher (p<0.05) and Yo-Yo IE2 performance was 133% better (p<0.05) (see Table 1). DISCUSSION The study provided evidence that regular participation in recreational football training and match-play had several beneficial effects on training status and health profile for untrained males. The study also revealed that match-play and training for recreational soccer players can be characterized as a combination of aerobic moderate and aerobic high-intensity training (Bangsbo et al. 2006). Table
1. Effects of prolonged participation in recreational football training
(A: 3 months; n=37; B: 2 years; n=12). REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Fat percentage, muscle mass, blood pressure, balance, sprint ability,
Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test performance. P-010 Physiological effects of playing futsal in professional futsal players Carlo
Castagna1, Stefano D'Ottavio1 and Josè Carlos Barbero Álvarez2 OBJECTIVE
This study aim was to examine the physiological responses to Futsal playing
in professional players (n=11, 22.8±1.5 years, weight 75.2±6.2 kg, height
178±7.4 cm, VO2max 62.9± 5.34 ml kg-1min-1). METHODS Eleven professional Futsal players (Generala IBI, Division de Plata) volunteered to this study. Players trained 10 times a week with a competition played during week-end. Physiological measurements were undertaken during highly competitive training-games (4x10min) and consisted in: game VO2 (K4b2, COSMED, Rome, Italy), game earlobe blood-lactate concentration (random game-sampling) and game heart-rates. RESULTS Players attained 73.6±8.4 and 89.7±3.1% of VO2max and HRmax respectively. Peak game VO2 and HRs were 96±2.9 and 95±9.1 % of laboratory maximal values, respectively. Average game VO2 was 48.5±3.75 ml kg-1min-1. Players spent 37 and 37.2% of the playing time at exercise intensities higher than 80 and 90% of VO2max and HRmax, respectively. Average blood lactate concentration was 5.3±2.6 mmol l-1. CONCLUSION These results show that Futsal played at professional level is a high-intensity exercise mode that heav-ily taxes the aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Maximal aerobic power levels higher than 55 ml kg-1 min-1 are advisable to play Futsal at professional level. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Physiology, Training, Maximal Aerobic Power, Blood Lactate P-011 Fitness profile of under-15 Brazilian soccer players by field position Leonardo
Gonçalves Silva Neto, Cristiano Garcia Nunes and Jefferson Eduardo Hespanhol
OBJECTIVE In young Brazilian soccer, the relation of the players' field position with its physiological profile is not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in fitness profile of under-15 male soccer players in accordance to their field position. METHODS The subjects were 56 Brazilian soccer players of under-15 category. The players grouped by field position as central defenders (n=14), lateral defenders (n=10), defensive midfielders (n=8), offensive midfielders (n=11) and forwards (n=14).The measurements included body mass, height, skinfold, YoYo Intermitent recovery test,30-m sprint, Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump Test. RESULTS Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were no significant differences in the field position for body mass, sum skinfolds, YoYo intermittent recovery test, 30-m sprint, SJ, CMJ. The results indicate that significant differences (p<0.05) could be observed in the height between field positions. DISCUSSION The current findings are similar to those previously reported. Fogelholm (1994) reported daily energy intake of 2131 ± 400 kcal with a 111 ± 450 kcals energy deficit in normal weight female soccer players. Carbohydrate is the primary fuel substrate during soccer, and consequently high dietary intakes of 60-70% of total calorific intake have been recommended for footballers (Schokman et al., 1999). In the present study carbohydrate intake was signifi-cantly lower than these recommendations (53.8 ± 6.8%, p < 0.05), but fall within the range previously reported for fe-male soccer players 47.8 ± 9.8 to 55.0 ± 7.5% (Clark et al., 2003; Scott et al., 2003). Table
1. Descriptive parameters for the three groups and the results of
the one-way ANOVA. CONCLUSION In consclusion, recommendations for female soccer players are to encourage consumption of carbohy-drate-electrolyte beverages to enhance carbohydrate intake and increase fluid intake, and ensure sufficient iron rich foods are included in the diet to meet the DRI. KEY WORDS
Soccer, anthropometry, anaerobic performance. P-012 Running velocities and heart rate responses to fixed blood lactate concentrations in different divisions of professional soccer players Tahir
Hazir, Alper Asci, Sinem Hazir, Zambak Þahin, Asaf Özkara and Caner Acikada
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the running velocity (RV) and heart rate (HR) according to the fixed lactate concentrations (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 mmol.l-1) among the elite soccer players playing in Turkish Super League (TSL) and 2nd Division (SDL). Soccer is a game that includes both aerobic and anaerobic activities, demanding s whole energy systems. It is stated that most of the energy requirement (70-80%) is provided from aerobic system during a 90 minutes game. It is pointed out that some physiological parameters like heart rate and lactate (LA) whereas highly correlated with endurance performance. METHODS 145 male soccer players (10 goalkeeper [GK], 48 defender [D], 53 midfielder [M], 34 forward [F]) from TSL and 141 players (18 GK, 38 D, 61 M, 24 F) from SDL were tested with incremental protocol which was started with 8 km.h-1 and increased 1 km.h-1 every 3 minutes until the players were exhausted. HR and RV responses at fixed LA concentrations were determined from LA-RV and HR-RV graphics. RESULTS RV of TSL players corresponding to 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 mmol.l-1 [LA] were significantly higher, whereas HR were significantly lower at 5.0 mmol.l-1 [LA] than SD players. HR responses of midfielders from TSL were signifi-cantly lower than players at the same position of SD, whereas HR responses of other positions were similar. CONCLUSION Endurance performances were significantly different at sub-maximal intensities among the players according to playing positions in the two leagues. However, endurance performances of players with different playing positions in the same league were similar. KEY WORDS
Soccer, lactate, heart rate, endurance, playing position. P-013 Left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiographic point scoring criteria in professional soccer players and sedenters Niyazi
Eniseler1, Selda Bereket-Yücel2 and Nurten Darcin2
OBJECTIVE
After collapse of 14 years old soccer player during a official match (Iskandar
& Thompson, 2004), all media attention has returned to topic of sudden
deaths in soccer field which was an terrifying event for either soccer
players or spectators. It has become a clinical priority to precociously
detect left ventricular hypertrophy by effective, low-cost screening,
applicable to the population in general. METHODS Fifty healthy males with a mean age of 24,7±6,0 years old were evaluated. Soccer players were playing in Turkish Priemier League. Physical examination, 12 leads resting electrocariogram and biochemical assays (blood counts, lipids, cholestrol, LDL, VLDL, NA, K and Ca) were examined. Electrocardiographic "point scoring criteria" for determining LVH was calculated according to White-Bock equation (Gasperin et al. 2002). RESULTS The results of the independent t test analysis of electrocardiographic point scoring criteria (EPSC) scores showed that there were no significant differences between soccer players and sedenters' electrocardiographic pattern in terms of LVH evaluation, t=0,39, p>0,05. CONCLUSION The electrocardiographic analysis (Gasperin et al., 2002) for LVH showed that professional soccer players did not show increased cardiac dimensions compared with healthy sedenters. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
LVH, ECG, biochemical parameters, soccer. P-014 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 in evaluation of physical performance in different groups of athletes Fedon
Marcello Iaia2,1, Peter Krustrup1, Thomas Rostgaard1 and Jens Bangsbo1
OBJECTIVE The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIR) has been widely used in team sports to assess athletes' abilities to repeatedly perform high-intensity exercise. Specifically, the Yo-Yo IR2 test was shown to be a sensitive tool to differentiate between intermittent exercise performance of soccer players in different seasonal periods and at different competitive levels and playing positions. The aim of the present study was to compare the YYIR2 performance of dif-ferent groups of athletes in relation to their competitive level and to the type of sport practiced. METHODS YYIR2 test performances of several groups of male athletes competing in different sports (Soccer, Bad-minton, Australian Football (AF), Ice-hockey and Running) and at different competitive levels (Elite, Sub-elite, and Trained) were collected and subsequently examined for mean differences. RESULTS The YYIR2 performance of elite male badminton players (1020±53m) was the same as elite soccer players (1060±57m), whereas sub-elite AF players had a similar level (720±35m) 1, 2 to sub-elite soccer players (830±44m). Performances of sub-elite ice-hockey players (510±44m) and moderate-trained marathon runners (460±46m) were sig-nificantly (P<0.05) below the level observed for sub-elite soccer players. DISCUSSION An athlete's ability to perform intermittent exercise was specific to the type of sport practiced with team-sport players being better than endurance runners. In particular, soccer players were exceptionally skilful in per-forming repeated high-intensity exercise. In CONCLUSION, the YYIR2 was proven to be specific for the type of exercise observed in intermittent sports. KEY WORDS
Fitness testing, intermittent exercise, team sports. P-015 Physiological responses of young soccer players to fixed lactate concentrations in playing positions Alper
Asci1, Tahir Hazir1,Alpan Cinemre1, Alper Arslan1, Sinem Hazir1, Zambak
Sahin1, Ugur Güven2 and Caner Acikada1 OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the running velocity, heart rate and oxygen consumption cor-responding to the fixed lactate concentrations (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0 mmol.l-1) of young soccer players with regard to among the playing positions. Physiological parameters like oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate show differences according to playing position in soccer METHODS 49 Young soccer players (Age: 17.2 ± 0.7 years) were tested with progressive incremental test with start running speed at 8 km.h-1 for 3 min duration and 1 min rest intervals. Running velocities (RV), VO2 and HR were assessed according to fixed [LA] were determined with third-order interpolation method from HR-workload, VO2-workload and Lactate-workload graphics. RESULTS Although RV of mid-fielders corresponding to fixed [LA] were higher, no significant differences were found on RV, VO2 and HR at the fixed lactate concentrations among the playing positions. Furthermore, VO2max values of mid-fielder were higher than other positions, but there were no significant differences between positions (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the present study revealed that, the physiological responses of young soccer players were similar at sub maximal intensities for all positions. KEY WORDS
Soccer, Lactate, Heart Rate, Endurance, Playing Position P-016 Fitness demands of soccer players Alireza
Aghababa and P.C. Krishna Swamy OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the university football players' mental toughness and it its sub scales (rebound ability, handle pressure, concentration, confidence and motivation) Doubtlessly physical education and sports differ in terms of? Among other sports football is one of the most popular one with for its beauty, attractiveness and toughness. Sports go through a preparatory phase including physical, technical, tactical drills, how-ever, football coaches, usually ignore mental preparation. This is why this paper investigated mental variables of foot-ball players. METHODS The sample was ninety male football players, ages 17-25 years who were selected from five universities among 36 south Indian universities. Mental Toughness Questionnaire was administered to measure mental toughness and five specific factors (rebound ability, handle pressure, concentration, confidence, and motivation) before the south Indian competition in 2005. RESULTS The results showed that all of the university football players were below the average and moderate in men-tal toughness and its subscales. It seems they need to learn strategies to develop their mental skills, for enhancing opti-mal performance. CONCLUSION The results of the study showed that the university football players should learn to stay relaxed under pressure concentrate on the match, and develop their self- confidence systematically. More studies are suggested. KEY WORDS
Mental toughness, football player, competition, preparation. P-017 The comparison of sprint performances of left and right legged soccer players Cevdet
Týnazcý , Tugra Inceer and Nazým Burgul OBJECTIVE Although several tests aim at evaluating agility, there is a lack of information regarding the athletes dominant side to accelerate, decelerate and especially change direction of movement according to the changing re-quirements of the environment (Chamari et al.2004) Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate the dominant side (left or right leg) on the sprint performance (Özkara 2004). Sprint performance is considered an important fitness component of soccer physical performance and recent studies has shown that sprint performance is correlated to high intensity activity during actual match-play. METHODS Eighteen male athletes (age 14±2, body mass 52.3±13.7 kg, height 160±1 cm) practicing soccer volun-teered in this study. Eighteen male athletes were divided into two groups as left leg and right leg dominant soccer play-ers. All the players performed three trials of 30m sprint test and 30m Hacettepe University Change Direction test with and without ball. The 30m sprint test and change direction test was performed both using right and left leg. RESULTS According to the results, significant difference was found between left and right legged soccer players ac-cording to starting the 30m change direction test by left side and right side simultaneously with and without ball (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The present test aimed at evaluating the athletes' ability react by their dominant side for the different starting procedures in sprint type tests. The test showed the lack of dominant side (right or left leg soccer player) that the starting position had effect on sprint performance depend on change direction types of exercises. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Change direction, right and left leg, dominant side, soccer. P-018 Heart rate and perceptual responses to 2x2 and 3x3 small-sided youth soccer games Jaime
Sampaio1, Gonçalo Garcia3, Victor Maçãs1, Sergio J. Ýbáñez2, Catarina
Abrantes1 and Pedro Caixinha3 OBJECTIVE During soccer training it is common to reduce the number of players of confronting teams. These small-sided games are common drills used by coaches, allowing to increase the frequency of game technical and tactical ac-tions and to enhance specific physiologic adaptations (Hoff et al., 2002). Yet, more information on the overall impact of these training tasks in youth soccer is needed. The aim of this study was to examine heart rate and perceptual responses of two small-sided games (2x2 and 3x3), and also the effect induced by three drill modifications (verbal motivation from the coach; two touches per player and man-to-man defense). METHODS Eight national standard players (age=15±0 years, height=173±6, weight=67±12) were evaluated in the following small-sided games: D1) 2x2 in a 30mx20m pitch with small goals. Players performed 2 reps with 90s of re-covery time; D2) 3x3 with 2 reps of 3 min and equal characteristics. Heart Rate (HR) and Borg's Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE, 6-20) were measured for all drill modifications. RESULTS No significant differences were found for HR and percentage of maximal HR in both drills. However, there were significant differences for RPE in both drills (p?0.05, see Table 1). Scheffe's post-hoc tests revealed differences in the analysed conditions (see Table 1). DISCUSSION The small-sided games imposed substantial cardiovascular stress in the players. There were differences between the studies of Rampinini et al. (2006) conducted in adult players. The analysed drill modifications did not change the physiological impact of the small-sided games. However, results from RPE suggested that drill modifica-tions did have an effect on overall drill intensity. Table
1. Descriptive results (x±S.E.), ANOVA and Post-hoc tests REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Soccer, small-sided games, heart rate, perceived exertion. P-019 Physical preparedness of soccer players in third and first Russian football leagues Viktor
Selujanov , Sergey Sarsaniya, Konstantin Sarsaniya and Boris Stukalov
OBJECTIVE Physical preparedness of a soccer player can be assessed by a number of motor actions performed with sub maximal or higher intensity and their absolute parameters. All these motor actions are realized due to the activity of lower extremities' muscles, the most significant role being played by knee and ankle joints extensors. Objective of this study our work was to assess aerobic and alactic capacities of muscles-extensors of knee and ankle joints in laboratory conditions. METHODS Soccer players in the 3rd league (n = 35) and the 1st league (n = 50) were studied. All the subjects were examined at the beginning of the preparation period (2 months before the start of the Championship of Russia). The examination was done in laboratory conditions and included anthropometry (height and body mass) and cycle ergome-try (progressive exercise test and sprint test). RESULTS
No statistically reliable difference in anthropometric parameters was
found. Reliable difference (p < 0.05) between players of the 3rd and
the 1st leagues was found only in oxygen consumption (OC) at anaerobic
threshold (An) and maximal oxygen consumption in forwards and half-backs.
Players of the 1st league demonstrated a slightly higher level of alactic
power, not statistically reliable (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION This study indicated that a number of accelerations of maximal and submaximal intensity done in a match depended on the level of oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold and maximal alactic power. Both parame-ters could be measured using a cycle ergometer in laboratory conditions. The reliability of the difference in these pa-rameters between athletes of different qualification proved their informativeness. KEY WORDS
Physical preparedness, cycle ergometry, anaerobic threshold, maximal alactic
power P-021 Ability to repeat sprint and maximal aerobic power in young soccer players Carlo
Castagna1, Stefano D'Ottavio2, Manzi Vincenzo2 and José Carlos Barbero
Álvarez3
OBJECTIVE Maximal aerobic power (VO2max) and Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) are considered to be important sport-specific fitness components of young soccer players (Reilly et al. 2000). However research has reported conflict-ing results on RSA and VO2max mutuality in adult team players. Furthermore, currently no research is available on the relationship between RSA and VO2max in youth soccer players. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationships between VO2max and RSA in a group of young regional-level soccer players. As working hypothesis we assumed the existence of a significant relationship between VO2max and sprint decrement during RSA. METHODS 19 players were randomly drawn from a population of players to participate in this study. VO2max was assessed with a yo-yo endurance test and gas analyses performed with K4b2 gas analyzer (COSMED, Rome, Italy). RSA was assessed according to Reilly et al. (2000) where the soccer players completed 7x30m line sprints with 20s active recovery between bouts. RSA variables were calculated according to Fitzsimons et al (1993).Data is presented as mean and standard deviation. Relationships between variables were assessed using Pearson's product moment correla-tion. Significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS VO2max was not significantly correlated to speed decrements (r=-0.40, p=0.12) and total sprint time (r=-0.29, p=0.26). Using the median split technique (VO2max median=56.2 ml kg-1min-1) significant correlation was found between VO2max and fatigue index (r=-0.77, p=0.02) in the players with low VO2max (n=9,52.3±3.4 ml kg-1min-1). DISCUSSION Results suggested a mutual influence between VO2max and RSA in youth soccer players with lower level of fitness (>56.2 mLokg-1omin-1) and that RSA was possibly developed independent of aerobic-fitness once a threshold level of aerobic power was achieved. The present data also highlighted the importance of testing both VO2max and RSA performance separately in prospective youth soccer players. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Training, fatigue, aerobic fitness, testing, intermittent high-intensity
exercise. P-022 The effects of a 10 week plyometric training intervention on 10 m sprint and vertical jump performance in elite junior professional soccer players W. Gregson1
and R.Wrigley2 OBJECTIVE The ability to produce explosive lower body power is an important determinant of performance in soc-cer. Plyometric training represents an effective method for the development of muscular strength and power. Little information, however, currently exists on the volume of plyometric training needed to induce improvements in per-formance. To examine the effect of one weekly structured plyometric training session over a 10 week in-season training period on 10 m sprint and vertical jump (VJ) performance in elite junior professional soccer players. METHODS Twelve soccer players completed a 10m sprint [Limits of agreement (LOA) 0.01 ± 0.09 s) and VJ (LOA 0.7 ± 2.1 cm) test on two occasions, 10 weeks apart. Six players were randomly allocated to an experimental (Exp) or control (Cont) group. Over the 10 week period the Exp group completed one plyometric session per week in addition to normal training whilst the Cont group completed normal training only. RESULTS The change in 10m sprint performance (Exp -0.04 + 0.02 s, Cont 0.00 + 0.02 s; p=0.04) was significantly greater in the Exp group following the 10 week training period (p=0.011). No difference in VJ performance (Exp 1 + 1 cm, Cont 0 + 1 cm; p=0.028) was observed between the two groups (p=0.155). CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate that one plyometric training per week over a 10 week in-season training period leads to significant improvements in 10m sprint time in elite junior soccer players. This training stimulus may act as an efficient training stimulus during the in-season period when training time is limited. KEY WORDS
Plyometric, Speed, Training, Frequency. P-023 Impact of pre-cooling on soccer-specific exercise (SSE) performed in heat Neil Clarke
, Barry Drust, Don Maclaren and Tom Reilly OBJECTIVE Hyperthermia is a likely cause of fatigue when soccer is played in the heat, as core temperature reaches a critical value (Nielsen et al., 1993). The principle of pre-cooling is that a reduction in core body temperature prior to exercise increases the margin for heat storage and the time before reaching a critical limiting temperature when a given exercise intensity cannot be sustained. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pre-cooling on the physiologi-cal responses to soccer-specific exercise (SSE) and the subsequent impact on high-intensity exercise capacity when performed in the heat. METHODS Twelve male soccer players performed SSE in the heat on two occasions (30.5ºC and 42.2% r.h.). On one occasion subjects underwent pre-cooling (wearing a cooling vest for 1h before and during half-time). Core temperature, using heat-sensitive telemetry pills, and heart rate were measured continuously. The SSE was followed by a test of exercise capacity (Cunningham and Faulkner, 1969). RESULTS Core temperature was significantly reduced following pre-cooling and mean core temperature during the entire protocol (Table 1). Heart rate was significantly lower following pre-cooling (mean heart rate with and without pre-cooling: 158±3 and 164±3 beats.min-1 respectively (Table 1). Run time to exhaustion was significantly longer fol-lowing pre-cooling (70.1±8s) compared to without (57.1±5s). Table
1. Heart rate during the soccer-specific protocol with and without
pre-cooling. * P<0.05 CONCLUSION A period of pre-cooling prior to soccer-specific exercise significantly reduced core temperature and heart rate during exercise. In addition, pre-cooling significantly enhanced exercise capacity as indicated by a longer time to exhaustion during the high-intensity running test performed following the soccer-specific exercise. These changes were evident without any impact on metabolism. REFERENCES KEY WORDS Soccer-specific exercise, pre-cooling, core temperature, heart rate, exercise capacity. P-024 Comparison of a new soccer-specific aerobic fitness test to other field and laboratory tests: Preliminary data Ric Lovell
, Matt Greig, Simon Keatley and Jason Siegler OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure performance and physiological responses of the SAFT com-pared to an incremental treadmill test (ITT) to determine VO2max, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test (YYIET).Whilst a number of laboratory and field based tests are available to measure soccer-specific endurance capac-ity, most fail to represent the intermittent and multi-directional nature of soccer match-play. The Soccer-specific Aero-bic Fitness Test (SAFT) was developed to replicate the activity profile of soccer, based on data provided by notational analyses. The test is maximal and incremental with minimal space & equipment requirements. METHODS Ten University 1st XI players performed the SAFT, the ITT and the YYIET on different days under stan-dardised laboratory conditions. Performance of the tests was measured by VO2max on the ITT, and distance covered (m) in the SAFT and YYIET. Heart rate was measured during each test. Expired gas analysis was measured using a portable system during the field-based tests in a sample of the subjects. RESULTS The VO2max was not correlated with performance of either the SAFT (r = 0.18, P > 0.05), or the YYIET (r = 0.36, P > 0.05). There was a moderate association between performance of the SAFT and YYIET (r = 0.66, P = 0.077). HRmax determined during the ITT, was attained in the SAFT (98.6 ± 2.1 %), but not in the YYIET (97.8 ± 2.2 %; P < 0.05). SAFT also elicited VO2max (106 ± 4.9 % of ITT VO2max). DISCUSSION
Performance of the field based SAFT was not associated with VO2max,
as expected and indicative of the varied physiological demands of match-play.
SAFT performance was comparable with the YYIET. The physiologi-cal responses
to SAFT (elicits HRmax and VO2max) demonstrated that the test
was both incremental and maximal in nature (Figure 1). The nature of the
SAFT enhances its application to squad testing. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Field test, soccer, physiological response. P-025 Playing standard and position-specific differences in performance of a soccer-specific aerobic fitness test (SAFT): Preliminary data Ric Lovell
, Matt Greig, Simon Keatley and Jason Siegler OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of SAFT to the differences in aerobic training status attributed to playing standard and position. Players were characterised as either centre backs (CB), full-backs (FB), midfielders (MD), or forwards (FD). Whilst a number of laboratory and field based tests are available to measure soccer-specific endurance capacity, most fail to represent the intermittent and multi-directional nature of soccer match-play. The Soccer-Specific Aerobic Fitness Test (SAFT) was developed to replicate the activity profile of soccer, based on data provided by notational analyses. The test is maximal and incremental with minimal space & equipment re-quirements. METHODS Twenty professional (PRO) and 12 elite youth players (EY) performed the SAFT in addition to an incre-mental treadmill test (ITT) to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The tests were randomised and undertaken in standardised laboratory conditions at the same time of day. Performance was recorded as the time to exhaustion (s) on the ITT, and the distance covered (m) in the SAFT. RESULTS SAFT performance was greater in the PRO than EY players (P < 0.01). There were no differences between PRO and EY ITT performance and VO2max (P > 0.05). In PRO, MD showed a higher VO2max than CB (P < 0.05). In the SAFT, MD also covered more distance than FD (P < 0.05), and CB (NS; P = 0.07). There were no position-specific differences in VO2max or SAFT performance between EY players (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION SAFT showed differences between playing standard and also playing positions, which were not ob-served in VO2max. It was also observed that position-specific differences were not apparent in elite players at the age of 16-18. Whilst further data is required, this data suggested that SAFT could be used as a simple, practical and sensi-tive measure of soccer-specific aerobic status. KEY WORDS
Soccer, playing position, field test. P-026 Physiological and health variables of sports trainers Refaai
Hussain, Ahmed Aziz, Raied Ramadan, Mohamed Salah and Hossam El Arabie
OBJECTIVE Coaching demands individuals with good abilities, which leads them to spend effort on their players. Literature in training field noticed many sudden death cases especially among trainers. As such, the aim of this study was to investigate the problems that confront trainers in different training fields, and identify the disease which attacked them at work. METHODS Measuring was performed in the sample of 350 male trainers (57 football, 46 basketball, 40 volleyball, 34 handball, 31gymnastic, 34 athletic, 28 swimming, 25 wrestling, 27 karate, and 28 judo) selected by purposive sampling method from some sports activity trainers in Egypt. Subjects were incurred to the questionnaire that included many points like (the scientific level, the practice level, and experience years). RESULTS The results indicated (Table 1) that the problems confronted the trainers was competitions' irregular 88% sequence the unrecognizing in young players 86.3%. Next, there were not contracts between the administration and trainers 78%. In addition, the disease that confronted the trainers most was the hypertension 38.6%, and diabetic melli-tus 31.7%. Also, injures which confronted trainers was the cramp 38.9%. Table
1. The problems that confront trainers. DISCUSSION The results indicated that trainers were exposed to many diseases and injures due to physical and psy-chological stress in the working zone. 278 cases (79.4%) were injured after working in the training field. CONCLUSION In conclusion, stress comes from the administration, spectators, and did not acquire any achievement. Some injuries like cramp and sprain was may be due to negation of warm up. KEY WORDS
Sports training jobs, injures, diseases. P-027 Relationships of body composition, anaerobic performance and isokinetic knee strength in American football players Ali Ozkan
, Bayrak Arýburun and Ayse Kin-Isler OBJECTIVE American football is gaining popularity throughout the world and is a game that is dominated by size and strength. Most players are overweight and have high body fat. Body weight, lean body mass and body fat is critical factors relative to anaerobic performance (De Ste Croix et al., 2001). The purpose of the present study was to investi-gate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance and isokinetic knee strength in American foot-ball players. METHODS 28 American football players participated in this study voluntarily. For the determination of body compo-sition, skinfold thickness was measured. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test was used for the determination of anaerobic performance, and peak isokinetic knee extension and flexion torques were determined at 60º, 150º and 240º.s-1 (Cybex 770 Norm, USA). RESULTS Fat mass, (FM) correlated with mean power (MP) (r=.387) and 60º.s-1 extension (r=.469). Fat % correlated with 60º.s-1 extension (r=.414). Lean body mass (LBM) correlated with peak power (PP) (r=.672) and MP (r=.776), 60 (r=.474), 150 (r=.550) and 240º.s-1 extension (r=.580). PP correlated with 60 (r=.491), 150 (r=.559) and 240º.s-1 exten-sion (r=.581 and 240º.s-1 flexion (r=0.418) while MP correlated with 60 (r=.466), 150 (r=.522) and 240º.s-1 extension (r=.502). Table
1. Body composition, anaerobic performance and peak isokinetic concentric
extension and flexion of American football players. DISCUSSION Most of the studies indicate that anaerobic performance and muscular strength are highly correlated with LBM and muscle mass (Bourhard et al 1991). CONCLUSION As a conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that LBM and body fat percentage plays important role in anaerobic performance and isokinetic knee strength in American football players. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Body composition, anaerobic power and capacity, isokinetic knee extension,
isokinetic knee flexion. P-028 Aerobic and anaerobic fitness indicators in under 20 and elite Qatari soccer players Justin
Grantham1, Franck Brocherie2 and G Balasekaran3 OBJECTIVE Qatari National age-group soccer teams success have not been carried on at the Olympic and Full Inter-national levels. While objective assessment tools that measure tactical and technical competence would provide valu-able insight into player development, the majority of soccer research has focused upon different skill related fitness attributes. A plateau in jump and sprinting performance plateau in Qatari National soccer player's late teens was re-cently reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the aerobic and anaerobic fitness indicators in soccer players at different competitive levels, specifically at Qatar Under 20 (U20), and Elite (NAT) level. METHODS Twenty-nine (16 U-20, 13 NAT) male athletes (aged 17-34 y) completed a test battery that included counter movement jumps, with (WAMJ) and without (CMJ) arm swing, six repetitive reactivity calf jumps (6J), a 20 m sprint test, and a Level 1 Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test. An independent t-test analysed differences between groups. Data was expressed as mean ± SD with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS There were no differences in height, weight or body mass index. CMJ (U20, 37.8 (4.5); NAT, 40.0 (5.4) cm), WAMJ and 6J performance was similar between groups. No differences in sprinting performance were noted at 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. The final stage and total distance (U20, 1762.5 (522.2); NAT, 1769.2 (342.2) m) completed in the YYIRTL1 test did not differ between the groups. DISCUSSION Results revealed the aerobic and anaerobic fitness indicators in the Qatari players between the two com-petitive levels. Both groups had similar results in performing high intense intermittent exercise indicating similar high rate of aerobic and anaerobic turnover. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the U20 players were in similar fitness category as their NAT counterparts. KEY WORDS
Soccer, field testing, physiological development. P-029 Pre-season aerobic performance of elite Japanese soccer players Justin
Grantham1, Franck Brocherie2, Yasumatsu Mikinobu3 and G Balasekaran4 OBJECTIVE Laboratory and field tests are useful to examine players' aerobic capabilities for performance. Most aerobic tests are continuous, whereas, in field sports such as soccer, exercise is intermittent and performance is related to the athletes' ability to repeatedly perform intense exercise. Therefore, field tests provide specific results and are more valid than laboratory tests for coaches. The aim of the present study was to employee two field tests to determine player position specific aerobic fitness indicators for 31 male elite Japanese soccer players (aged 21-29 y), who were all regu-lar members of the national "A" squad of the Japan Football Association. A secondary aim was to make a comparison with other corresponding level data. METHODS Players were allocated in goalkeeper (GK), defender (DF) and midfield (MF) groups. Strikers were evalu-ated, but not included in the analysis. The (45:15 sec) Intermittent Field Test (INT), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recov-ery Test Level 2 (YYIRTL2) were used to evaluate aerobic fitness. An ANOVA assessed between group differences. Data was expressed as mean ± SD with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS No differences were seen between groups in INT test in the maximal aerobic velocity. The total distance completed by GK in the YYIRTL2 test was significantly lower than the DF and MF (GK, 760.0 ± 117.8; DF, 1062.2 ± 98.2; MF, 1068 ± 181.4 m). HR recoveries were similar between groups following both aerobic tests. No correlation existed between the INT and Yo-Yo tests (r2 = 0.22). DISCUSSION
Japanese players appeared to have similar aerobic characteristics as other
international players. KEY WORDS
Soccer, field testing, intermittent exercise. P-030 Physiological responses to submaximal and maximal exercise intensities: Field versus laboratory Alper
S. Edis1, Tahir Hazir2, Zambak Sahin2, Sinem Hazýr2, Alper Asci2 and Caner
Acikada2 OBJECTIVE Physiological parameters such as oxygen consumption, blood lactate and heart rates may differ in lab and field situations, which can influence the relative intensity of endurance training. Although Lab situation provides valid and accurate responses to standard running velocities, soccer players perform endurance training in the field situa-tion. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (La) to submaximal and maximal exercise intensities which were obtained from treadmill (TR) and field running tests (FT) in young soccer player. METHODS 14 male soccer player (Age: 17.5±0.5 years) participated in two running tests with a progressively in-creased workload protocol. All tests were performed separately in random order with two days interval. HR was re-corded by Polar S610 throughout the tests whereas earlobe-blood lactate concentrations were measured by YSI 1500 lactate analyser within one minute rest intervals between the workloads. RESULTS No significant differences were found in resting and peak La, resting and maxHR. Running velocities (RV) corresponding to 4 mmol.L-1 in lab test were significantly higher whereas HR responses to 3.5 and 4 mmol.L-1 [La] were significantly lower than the field test. During the field test the La values in RV of 14-17 km.h-1 were significantly lower than those which were measured in the laboratory test. CONCLUSION The results of the present study revealed that the physiological responses of lab and field test with same protocol were conflicting when assessing the endurance performance in young soccer players. KEY WORDS
Soccer, blood lactate. P-031 Validity of a group intermittent-high-intensity test for repeated sprint ability José Carlos
Barbero Álvarez1 and Carlo Castagna2 OBJECTIVE Repeated sprint ability (RSA) has been suggested as an important component of team sport performance (Spencer et al., 2005). However, the RSA assessment requires testing protocol that are difficult to implement and are time consuming. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the validity of a new field intermittent high-intensity group test developed to assess RSA (GRSA) in soccer players. GRSA consisted in progressive speed 2x15m shuttle running bouts with 30s of passive recovery. Starting speed was 18 kmh-1 with 0.5 km h-1 increments every 8 bouts. GRSA performance was considered as the total distance covered during the test. METHODS Eighteen amateur soccer players (age 21.8 (4.8) years) were tested in a random order for RSA (8x2x15m shuttle running with 30s recovery using photocells) and GRSA at least two days apart. Fingertip blood lactate concen-tration was assessed at rest and three minutes after the end of both tests. Heart rate was monitored throughout the tests using short range telemetry. RESULTS
RSA Total time and best sprint performance were significantly correlated
with GRSA performance (r=-0.83, and r=-0.77, respectively p=0.002). Posttests
Blood Lactate concentrations were not significantly different (13.25 (3.14)
and 13.57 (4.34) mmol L-1 for GRSA and RSA respectively, p<0.05). Peak
HR were 93 (3.4) and 93 (3.0) % of HRmax for GRSA and RSA, respectively
(p<0.05). REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Sprinting, field testing, shuttle running, soccer, fitness assessment. P-032 Assessing aerobic and anaerobic power from a 90-s all-out isokinetic test versus the Wingate test in young female soccer players Kerry
McGawley1, Erwan Leclair2, Jeanne Dekerle1, Craig Williams3 and Helen
Carter1 OBJECTIVE While the majority of energy during a competitive soccer match is provided aerobically, anaerobic en-ergy production is essential for high-intensity efforts (Reilly, 1997). The 30-s Wingate test (WAT) has traditionally been used to provide anaerobic power indices to estimate anaerobic capacity (Inbar and Bar-Or, 1986). However, there is no evidence that WAT performance elicits VO2peak, as derived from a standard incremental test. Since a 90-s all-out test provides a valid measure for VO2peak with adolescents (Williams et al., 2005), 90 s may be a more appropriate duration than 30 s for assessing energy system interaction. By comparing 90-s all-out cycling performance with the WAT, the aim of the present study was to develop a single, short test that would assess both aerobic and anaerobic power in young female soccer players. METHODS Eight female soccer players (mean (SD): age 11.9 (0.5) y; height 149.6 (7.8) cm; mass 40.8 (8.8) kg) per-formed an incremental test to exhaustion, a WAT and a 90-s all-out isokinetic test (ISO) in a random order using cycle ergometry. During each of the tests expired air was analysed breath-by-breath, HR and power indices were recorded and blood [La-] was measured pre- and 3-min post-exercise. RESULTS Physiological and performance data are reported in Table 1. Power profiles for WAT and ISO are shown in Figure 1. Peak power (PP) was similar for the two sprint tests (P>0.05); mean power (MP), end power (EP) and fatigue index (FI) for WAT were similar to the corresponding values measured after 30 s during ISO (ISO_30) (P>0.05). VO2peak values correlated across all three tests (r>0.85, P<0.01). Table
1. VO2peak, HRpeak, the change in blood [La-] (?[La-])
and power indices measured during the incremental test, the Wingate anaerobic
test (WAT), after 30 s during the 90-s test (ISO_30) and at the end of
the 90-s test (ISO_90) DISCUSSION The data showed that ISO was able to provide the power measures conventionally derived from WAT to assess anaerobic performance. Unlike data previously reported for men and boys (Carter et al., 2005), the 90-s test elic-ited a greater VO2peak than the incremental test. CONCLUSION It is concluded that a 90-s all-out isokinetic test was able to assess aerobic and anaerobic power in young female soccer players in one single test. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Maximal oxygen uptake, energy system interaction, exercise testing, cycling. P-033 Season variation in repeated sprint ability of futsal players Jaime
Sampaio1, Victor Maçãs1, Catarina Abrantes1 and Sergio J. Ibáñez2
OBJECTIVE High-level futsal is an intense intermittent team sport that requires a well developed ability to repeatedly perform intense exercise. The repeated-sprint ability (RSA) is one of the most important fitness components of this activity (Barbero-Álvarez et al., 2006). However, there is no scientific information regarding futsal players' RSA across the sport season. In order to understand training effects in RSA performances, this study aimed to identify the RSA variation across the futsal season (pre, mid and post season), using a 10 maximal repeated sprints protocol of 24,2 m with a change of direction interspersed with 15s of active recovery. METHODS Eight semi-professional players completed the test (age=21 (2), height=174 (4), weight=71 (6), 6h train-ing/week). The three evaluations were performed after the first month of training (pre), after three months (mid) and after three months (post-season) since the beginning of the season. A 3 (season period: pre, mid, post) X 10 (trials) repeated measures ANOVA was carried out on subjects sprint times. RESULTS
The main effect of sprint trial was statistically significant, F(9, 189)=2.65
P < 0.001. Mean sprint times following the fourth trial became significantly
slower. The main effect of season was non-significant, F (2, 21) = 0.91
P = n.s. The two main effects were qualified by an non significant season
X sprint trial interaction, F (18, 189) = 0.75 P = n.s. DISCUSSION Obtained results seem to suggest that futsal training: (1) maintained anaerobic capacity across the sea-son but (2) was not efficient in delaying fatigue across the sprint trials. CONCLUSION Coaches should be aware that this test can play an important role in repeated-sprint ability evaluation. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Futsal, repeated sprint ability, sprint test, semi-professional players. P-034 Quantifying energy expenditure of dribbling a soccer ball in a field test Rob Rupf
, Scott Thomas and Greg Wells OBJECTIVE The Hoff test has been used both as an aerobic training intervention program and a method for determin-ing VO2 max (Hoff et al., 2002)However, the extra energy cost associated with the soccer specific nature of the Hoff test has never been quantified. The study aimed at determining the extra energy cost associated with dribbling a soccer ball during a modified version of the Hoff Test, by examining various movements. METHODS Skilled male players completed six trials of a modified Hoff Test. Each trial lasted eight minutes at 3 tar-get speeds. Trials at each TS consisted of movement without a ball (NB) and with a ball (WB). The portable Cosmed K4b2 was used to measure the O2 uptake and heart rate (HR) after 2 minutes of continuous work. Running speeds were verified from Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) data. RESULTS
Multivariate analysis identified a significant difference in oxygen consumption
of NB and WB movements across all TS (p<0.001). Oxygen consumption
during running at 2.0mos-1 averaged 43.8 and 36.6 mLokg-1omin-1 WB and
NB respectively. Linear regression illustrates that the difference between
NB and WB movements increases with speed of execution (Figure 1). CONCLUSION Oxygen consumption increases rapidly with running pace in the Hoff Test. Dribbling a soccer ball significantly increases the energy that players expend and more so at higher speeds. This may be due to changes in gait characteristics, at high speed running. This study also demonstrates that running with the ball in the Hoff Test raises O2 consumption providing an effective training stimulus. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Oxygen consumption, Hoff Test, aerobic training. P-035 Explosive strength performance of under-20 soccer players in different field positions Thiago
Santi Maria1, Miguel De Arruda1, Jefferson Eduardo Hespanhol2, José
Mário Campeiz3, Alexandre Gomes De Almeida2, Cristiano Garcia Nunes1 and Roberto Andrade Do Nascimento Filho1
OBJECTIVE The explosive strength used in soccer appears in some fast movements, fast direction changes, jumps, kicks and dribbles that are high intensity activity. By studying some soccer players, including some high intensity re-sults obtained during a soccer match, it was suggested that the average of some races in a match was between 15 and 17 meters (Mohr et al., 2003). Explosive strength determines performance in soccer players and these magnitudes might change according specific function in game. The aim of this study was to analyze the explosive strength performance in different positions of backwards (BWD), left and right-backs (LRB), back middle fields (BMF), middle fields (MF) and forwards (FWD) for under-20 soccer players. METHODS The sample was made by 44 male elite Brazilian soccer players grouped as: 9 BWD, 8 LRB, 8 BMF, 9 MF and 10 FWD. Explosive strength (ES) and elastic explosive (EES) was studied. The performances were assessed by SJ and CMJ tests (Bosco, 1994) in a contact carpet Jump Test. All results were analyzed through the descriptive statis-tic, one way ANOVA and Post-hoc LSD. The significance level was p<0,05. RESULTS Among the field places it was possible to verify some important differences to ES (p=0,037) and EES (p=0,006). In multiple comparisons of averages some differences were analyzed in ES between LRBxBMF (p=0,010), LRBxFWD (p=0,033) and BMFxMF (p=0,017); and EES between LRBxBMF (p=0,004), LRBxFWD (p=0,015), BMFxMF (p=0,003) and MFxFWD (p=0,011). Table
1. Explosive strength performance description in the different field
positions for under-20 soccer players. DISCUSSION The results showed the existence of inferiority to the performance for left and right-backs explosive strength in relation to middle fields and forwards and also from the middle fields to back middle fields. Also, inferiority was noticed from left and right-backs elastic explosive strength performance and middle fields in relation to back mid-dle fields and forwards. CONCLUSION This data suggest that explosive strength is mobilized in different forms to perform high intensity actions depending of soccer player position. REFERENCES KEY WORDS
Soccer, explosive strength, elastic explosive strength, under-20 athletics. P-036 Effects of intermittent hypoxic exposure on haematological and performance in soccer players Yang Hu
, Xiao-Ke Chen and Jin-Shan Xu OBJECTIVE The present study observed the changes in haematological index and performance after intermittent hy-poxic exposure in soccer players The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intermittent hypoxic expo-sure using normobaric hypoxic house on haematological changes and performance in soccer players. METHODS 16 male soccer players of a physical education department were randomly and equally divided into two groups of intermittent hypoxic training (IHE) and normoxic normbaric control (NNC). RESULTS Haematological parameters were red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), while per-formance included maximal O2 uptake (.V O2max) and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (Yo-Yo test). After acute hypoxic exposure for 10 hours, no significant changes were found in RBC, Hb and. Hct. One week later of the hypoxic exposure, RBC (P<0.05) and Hb (P=0.074) increased. DISCUSSION 4 weeks of intermittent hypoxic exposure improved performance, distance of Yo-Yo test in trained soccer players, in part, dependent on the increases of haematological changes and VO2max. KEY WORDS
Intermittent hypoxic training; hypoxic house, haematological change, VO2max,
Yo-Yo test. P-037 Effect of knee muscle strength on level of professionalism in soccer players Irem Duzgun1, Baran Yosmaoglu1, Hakan Selek2, Serkan Usgu1, Derya Ozer1, and Gul
Baltaci1 OBJECTIVE In contact sports, which involve intense physical effort, the training environment appears to have a direct impact on athletic success. Richer football clubs have more resources for training equipment. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether football players at professional league level were associated with differences in isokinetic muscle strength in the knee. METHODS The knee extensor and knee flexor strengths were measured isokinetically (60 °/s) in left and right knee with an Isomed 2000 isokinetic system in three groups of male soccer players (Turkish Super League, n = 16; Turkish Second League, n = 18) and a group of nonsoccer players (sedentary males, n = 15). Differences between the groups were evaluated statistically with the independent samples t-test. RESULTS
Isokinetic strength was found to be greatest in the Super League soccer
players in all comparisons, but no significant differences were found
between the Second League players and the control group in any of the
comparisons (p<0.05). DISCUSSION These results were consistent with the possibility that levels of physical training differ by professional league level. One explanation for this is that Super League players generally have more highly organized and intensive training programs. KEY WORDS
Football, exercise test, physical fitness. P-038 Anthropometric parameters and manifestations of strength and speed in soccer players in ages of formation Eduardo
Dominguez Lago , Luis Casais Martinez and Carlos Lago OBJECTIVE This study is a functional valuation of soccer players in ages of formation (under 13,under 15 and un-der18) with the purpose to observe the relations between some anthropometric parameters (total muscular weight and muscular area of thigh) and manifestations of strength (explosive-elastic strength and explosive-elastic-reactive) and speed (acceleration capacity). The purpose of this study was to make a conditional characterization in the categories of youth soccer and to describe the relation between the anthropometric parameters and the manifestations of strength and speed. METHODS The strength was evaluated with Ergojump Boscosystem, making the measurement of the explosive strength (SJ), the explosive-elastic strength (CMJ) and the explosive-elastic-reactive strength of quadriceps (ABALA-KOV). Speed of 30 m. with exit from unemployed and a delayed foot were measured with infrared photoelectric cells (Byomedic System). Only the best of the two tests was retained. RESULTS Based on the age, significant differences (** p<0.01) in the weight, the stature, the muscular percentage, total the muscular weight, the muscular area of thigh and the capacity of acceleration. These differences also are ob-served in the manifestations of strength between U-14 and U-15 (** p<0.01), but significant differences between U-15 and U-18 are not appraised. DISCUSSION Data reflect the inadequate thing to use, like parameters of control of the training in ages of formation, data that come from adult professional soccer players. In relation to the age, a progressive growth of strength and speed was observed, that was accelerated between 15-16 years. The results suggested that the stage of formation correspond-ing to the category under 15 was decisive. KEY WORDS
Youth soccer, anthropometric, strength, speed. P-039 Changes in speed, explosive strength and anaerobic power after application of two different training methods in soccer players Jaime
Sampaio1, Marco Aguiar1, Victor Maçãs1, Sergio J. Ibáñez2 and Catarina
Abrantes1 OBJECTIVE High-level soccer requires a great amount of endurance, speed, agility, and power. Research has identi-fied the intermittent high-intensity exercise as predominant and fitness improvements to this activity pattern have been defined as power endurance (Siegler et al., 2003). However, no studies were conducted to assess the effect of power endurance training on players' physical fitness along the season. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the power endurance training method on semi-professional male soccer players' speed, explosive strength and anaerobic power as measured by the 15m and 30m speed tests, the Squat-Jump and Counter Movement Jump and the Bangsbo Modified Sprint Test (Wragg et al., 2000). METHODS Forty semi-professional Portuguese players were divided in 2 groups: power endurance training group (PEG, n=20, age=27 (5), height=175 (5), weight=73 (5)) and continuous training group (CTG, n=20, age=27 (5), height=175 (6), weight=73 (7)). The evaluations were performed during the first training session of the season, six and twelve weeks after the beginning of the training program. RESULTS Factorial ANOVA (group: PEG, CTG x moment: W1, W6, W12) showed that PEG was always faster than CTG in the 15m, 30m and Bangsbo Modified Sprint Test (see Figure 1); recovered better from intense efforts than CTG. Additionally, PEG showed higher values than the CTG in the Squat Jump and no significant differences were found in the Counter Movement Jump (see Table 1). DISCUSSION The results suggested that both training modalities were able to maintain initial values of speed and explosive strength. However, the PEG exhibited higher improvements in anaerobic power. Therefore, the power endur-ance training (intermittent high intensity exercise) may be more beneficial to prepare soccer players according to the game cardiovascular and metabolic specific determinants. REFERENCES Figure 1. Sprint test results. Table
1. Descriptive results (mean ±SD) and Factorial ANOVA. P-040 Assessment of anthropometric characteristics and sprint velocity in soccer players from 5 different age groups Antonio
Carlos Dourado1, Luiz Claudio Reeberg Stanganelli2, Larissa Bobroff
Daros3, Ariobaldo Frisselli4, Andre Fornaziero Montanholi4 and Raul
Osieck5 OBJECTIVE There are many studies investigating similarities and differences in anthropometric characteristics and motor capacities of athletes of various age groups. In soccer, some of these studies were developed to provide a better interpretation of the aspects related to growth and maturation and their influence on those who practiced this team sport regularly. The main objectives of this study were to identify the pattern of the anthropometric characteristics and sprint performance of Brazilian soccer athletes and to compare the values of these variables from a group of subjects divided according to their age in 5 different categories. METHODS 753 athletes from the Londrina Esporte Clube were assessed between the years 2000:2005, including An-thropometric and motor variables: Height, Body mass, BMI, sum of 7 skinfolds (mm), and linear sprinting perform-ance(s) recorded by a light electronic timing system placed at 0, 10 and 40 m intervals. The 5 categories were: Under 14 (N:100); 16 (N:87); 18(N:169); 21(N:167) and professionals (N:230). RESULTS The results revealed that the only variables that showed means statistically significant among the five cate-gories were BMI and Body Mass (Table 1). When analyzing the variables Height, Sum of 7 skinfolds and sprints for 10 m and 40 m the five categories presented significant differences among them. Table
1. The results of anthropometric and motor variables. DISCUSSION The results demonstrated that aging showed significant differences among the five categories in both test and measurements. It seemed that the characteristics and the performances of the athletes were strongly influenced by maturational aspects, the pattern of growth and development as well as the time spent on the regular practice of soccer. KEY WORDS Brazilian soccer athletes, anthropometric and motor variables.
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