Table 3. Ball speeds (m·sec) as reported in the literature (M = Males; F = females). Data are means (±SD). |
| Research Study |
Subject characteristics |
Kick |
Approach
(steps – angle) |
Ball speed
(m×s-1) |
| N |
Age (Years) |
Training status |
| Asami and Nolte (1983) |
4 |
N/A |
Professional |
Instep |
N/A |
29.9 (2.9) |
| Narici et al. (1988) |
11 |
25.1 (5.0) |
Amateurs |
Powerful |
N/A |
20.0 (3.6) |
| Opavsky (1988) |
6 |
N/A |
N/A |
Instep |
6-8 steps |
23.48 – 30.78 |
| Luhtanen (1988) |
29 |
10.3-17.1 |
Trained |
Instep |
2 step |
14.9 – 22.2 |
| Kermond & Konz (1978) |
1 |
22 |
Trained |
Punt |
2 step |
25.8 (2.2) |
| Isokawa and Lees (1988) |
6 |
20 – 26 |
Trained |
Instep |
1 step, 0°
1 step, 45°
1 step, 90° |
18.73 (.95)
20.14 (1.58)
19.13 (1.64) |
| Poulmedis et al. (1988) |
11 |
25.5 (3.0) |
Trained |
Instep |
N/A |
27.08 (1.32) |
| Rodano and Tavana (1993) |
10 |
17.6 (.5) |
Professional |
Instep |
2 step |
22.3 – 30.0 |
| Dorge et al. (2002) |
7 |
26.4 |
Skilled |
Instep |
3 m, 0° |
24.7 (2.5) |
| Ekblom (1994) |
N/A |
N/A |
Professional |
Instep |
N/A |
32-35 |
| Levanon & Dapena (1998) |
6 |
Inter-collegiate |
Experienced |
Instep |
N/A |
28.6 (2.2) |
| Barfield et al. (2002) |
2 M
6 F |
19-22 |
Elite players |
Instep |
2 step, 45-60° |
25.3 (1.51)(M)
21.5 (2.44) (F) |
| Barfield (1995) |
18 |
20.7 (1.7) |
Amateurs |
Instep |
2 step, 45-60° |
26.4 (2.09) |
| Nunome et al. (2002) |
5 |
High – school |
Experienced |
Instep |
N/A |
28.0 (2.1) |
| Nunome et al. (2006a) |
5 |
16.8(.4) |
Skilled |
Instep |
N/A |
32.1 (1.7) |
| Nunome et al. (2006b) |
9 |
27.6 (5.6) |
Experienced |
Instep |
N/A |
26.3 (3.4) |
| Apriantono et al. (2006) |
7 |
20.0 (2.1) |
Amateurs |
Instep |
N/A |
28.4 (1.6) |
| Tol et al. (2002) |
15 |
27.4 |
Amateurs |
Instep |
N/A |
18.9 – 29.8 |
| Roberts et al. (1974) |
1 |
25 |
Experienced |
Toe |
2 step |
24.09 |
| Tsaousidis & Zatsiorsky (1996) |
2 |
College |
Amateurs |
Toe |
N/A |
24.9 (1.1) |
| Taina et al. (1993) |
15 |
18.1 (.3) |
4th Division |
Instep |
N/A |
96.02 (9.06 )Km/h |
| Trolle et al. (1993) |
24 |
N/A |
Elite players |
Instep |
N/A |
99.3-103.6 Km/h |
| Cometti et al. (1988) |
95 |
25.0 (4.6) |
Professional
Amateurs |
Instep |
Free run |
106.37(12.89)Km/h
106.94(7.52)Km/h |
| Asai et al. (2002) |
6 |
N/A |
Univ. Players |
Curve |
N/A |
25.44 (.76) |
| Manolopoulos et al. (2006) |
10 |
19.9 (.4) |
Amateurs |
Instep |
2 step |
27.9 (1.8) |
| Kellis et al. (2004) |
10 |
21.3 (1.4) |
Trained |
Instep |
1 step, 0°
1 step, 45°
1 step, 90° |
19.79 (1.49)
20.41 (2.44)
18.51 (3.09) |
| Kellis et al. (2006) |
10 |
22.6 (2.0) |
Amateurs |
Instep |
2step, pre-fatigue
2step, post fatigue |
24.69 (1.8)
21.78 (2.2) |
|
|