| Prepubertal |
Bradney et al., 1998 |
Boys. White.
Age 10.4±0.2yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 20; Ex = 20 |
After school clubs of aerobics, soccer, volleyball, dance, gymnastics, basketball and weight training; 3 times/week; 30mins/session; 8 months duration |
TB + 2.6% aBMD
LS + 4.3% aBMD
FS + 9.3% BMC
FS + 9.1% vBMD |
|
Mckay et al., 2000 |
Girls & boys. White & Asian.
Age 8.9±0.7yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 81; Ex = 63 |
10 tuck jumps prior to class, 3 times/week
Jumping, skipping, hopping 2 times/week
10-30mins/session; 8 months duration |
GT + 4.4% aBMD |
|
Fuchs et al., 2001 |
Girls & boys. White.
Age 7.5±0.2yrs |
Randomized within school
Con = 44; Ex = 45 |
100 two footed drop jumps off 61cm box; GRF = 8.8 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration |
LS + 2% aBMD
FN + 1.4% aBMD
LS + 3.1% BMC
FN + 4.5% BMC |
|
Mackelvie et al., 2001 |
Girls. White & Asian.
Age 10.1±0.5yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 26; Ex = 44 |
50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10-12mins/session; 7 months duration |
NS |
|
Mackelvie et al., 2002 |
Boys.White & Asian.
Age 10.3±0.6yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 60; Ex = 61 |
50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw;
3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration |
PF + 1.6% aBMD
TB + 1.6% BMC |
|
Petit et al., 2002 |
Girls. White & Asian.
Age 10.0±0.6yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 25; Ex = 43 |
50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw;
3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration |
NS |
|
Van Langendonck et al., 2003 |
Girls.
Age 8.7±0.7yrs |
Twin study
Con = 21; Ex = 21 |
Hopping and jumping exercises; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 9 months duration |
PF + 2.5% BMC |
|
Mackelvie et al., 2004 |
Boys. White & Asian.
Age 10.2±0.5yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 33; Ex = 31 |
50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw;
3 times/week;12mins/session; 20 months duration |
FN + 4.3% BMC |
|
Laing et al., 2005 |
Girls. White, Asian & black.
Age 6.0±1.6yrs. |
No randomization
Con = 78; Ex = 65 |
Recreational gymnastics; 1 hour/week; 24 months duration |
LS+11.6% aBMD |
|
Linden et al., 2006 |
Girls.
Age 7.8±0.6yrs |
No randomization
Con = 50; Ex = 49 |
PE- Ball games, running and jumping; 200mins/week; 2 years duration |
TB + 0.6% aBMD
LS + 1.2% aBMD
LS + 3.8% BMC |
|
Valdimarsson et al., 2006 |
Girls.
Age 7.8±0.6yrs |
No randomization
Con = 50; Ex = 53 |
PE- Ball games, running and jumping; 5 times/week; 40mins/session; 1 year duration |
LS + 2.8% aBMD
LS + 4.7% BMC |
| Pubertal and adolescent |
Blimkie et al., 1996 |
Girls.
Age 16.2±0.2yrs |
Randomized within school
Con = 16; Ex = 16 |
Resistance training, hydraulic machines; 13 exercises x 4 sets; 10-12 reps; 3 times/week; 6.5 months duration |
NS |
|
Morris et al., 1997 |
Girls.
Age 9.5±0.9yrs |
No randomization
Con = 33; Ex = 38 |
After school clubs of aerobics, step aerobics, soccer, dance, ball games and weight training; 3 times/week; 30mins/session; 10 months duration |
TB +3.5% aBMD
LS+4.8% aBMD
PF + 4.5% aBMD
FN + 12% aBMD
PF + 4.5% aBMD
TB + 12% BMC
LS + 7% BMC
FN + 10.4% BMC
PF + 11.9% BMC |
|
Witzke and Snow 2000 |
Girls. White.
Age 14.6±0.5yrs |
No randomization
Con = 28; Ex = 25 |
Resistance training and plyometrics; 3 times/week; 30-45mins/session; 9 months duration |
NS |
|
Mackelvie et al., 2001 |
Girls. White & Asian.
Age 11.0±0.9yrs |
Randomised by school
Con = 64; Ex = 43 |
50-100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10-12mins/session; 7 months duration |
LS + 8.2% aBMD
FN + 6.7% aBMD
LS 16.5% BMC
FN + 11.3% BMC
FN + 3.6% vBMD |
|
Nichols et al., 2001 |
Girls.
Age 15.9±0.1yrs |
Group randomized
Con = 21; Ex = 46 |
15 resistance exercises; 3 times/week; 30-45mins/session; 15 months duration |
FN + 2.3% aBMD |
|
Kontulainen et al., 2002 |
Girls.
Age 12.8±1.5yrs |
Group randomised
Con = 49; Ex = 50 |
Step aerobic and jumping program; 2 times/week; 50mins/sessions; 20 months duration. |
LS + 4.9% BMC |
|
Petit et al., 2002 |
Girls. White & Asian.
Age 10.5±0.6yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 63;Ex = 43 |
5 diverse jumping exercises GRF = 3.5-5 bw; 3 times/week; 10mins/session; 7 months duration |
FN + 2.6% aBMD
IR + 1.7% aBMD |
|
Iuliano-Burns et al., 2003 |
Girls. White & Asian
Age 8.8±0.1yrs |
Randomized by group
4 groups of 16 |
Moderate impact skipping, hopping and jumping GRF = 2-4 bw; 3 times/week; 20mins/session; 8.5 months duration |
FN + 7.1% BMC |
|
Mackelvie et al., 2003 |
Girls. White & Asian.
Age 9.9±0.6yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 43;Ex = 32 |
100 jumps and circuit training GRF = 3.5-5 bw;
3 times/week; 10mins/session; 20 months duration |
LS + 41.7% BMC
FN + 24.8% BMC |
|
Stear et al., 2003 |
Girls. White.
Age 17.3±0.3yrs |
Randomized by group
Con = 66; Ex = 65 |
Exercise to music; 3 times/week; 45 mins/session; 15.5 months duration |
TB + 0.8% BMC
LS + 1.9% BMC
FN + 2.2% BMC
HIP + 2.7% BMC
TR + 4.8% BMC |
|
Mckay et al., 2005 |
Girls and boys.
White & Asian.
Age 10.1±0.5yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 71;Ex = 51 |
Bounce at the Bell; 10 CMJ GRF = 5 bw; times/day; 3mins/session; 8 months duration |
PF + 2.0% BMC
TR + 27% BMC |
|
Matthews et al., 2006 |
Girls. White & Asian.
Age 8-11 yrs |
Randomized by school
Con = 61;Ex = 82 |
Ballet dancing; 4.5 hours/week to 7.0/hours week; 3 years duration |
TB + 1% BMC
LS + 0.6% BMC
FN + 4% BMC |
| Multiple maturity groups |
Bailey et al., 1999 |
Girls and boys.
Age 8–14yrs |
53 girls; 60 boys |
Daily physical activity measured via questionnaire; 6 years duration |
Active boys had 9% and girls 17% > TB BMC |
|
Heinonen et al., 2000 |
Girls. White.
Age 13.7±0.9yrs |
No randomization
Con = 33;Ex = 25
Con = 29;Ex = 39 |
100-220 jumps, one and two footed from 30cm; 2 times/week; 20mins/sessions; 9 months duration |
LS +8.6% BMC
FN + 9.3% BMC |
|
Sundberg et al., 2001 |
Girls and boys.
Age 16.0±0.3yrs |
Randomized by school
Con =148;Ex = 80 |
Weight loaded activities such as running, jumping, gymnastics; 4 x 40mins/week PE in school; 4 years duration |
TB +3% aBMD
LS + 3% aBMD
FN + 9% aBMD
TB + 4% BMC
LS + 9% BMC
FN + 8% BMC |