Table 1 Outcomes, body composition. Values are mean (±SD), or median (range) for non-normally distributed data.
KF†  Group Control Group Time
effect
Group x time
interaction
Characteristic Baseline
n=12
Follow-up
n=11
Baseline
n=8
Follow-up
n=8
Mean difference (95% CI‡) ESg p p
Body weight (kg) 84.9(24.2) 87.2 (25.4) 90.5 (25.7) 93.6 (25.5) -.82
(–25.10–23.46)
–.03 .0003* .53
Height (m) 1.61 (.09) 1.63 (.08) 1.62 (1.20) 164.1 (11.4) –1.51
(–11.55–8.52)
–.14 <.0001* .75
BMI||(kg.m–2) 32.1 (6.7) 32.7 (7.8) 34.0 (7.0) 34.2 (7.2) .34 (–6.33–7.01) .05 .12 .37
BMI percentile 98.3
(86.5–99.8)
98.4
(86.3–99.8)
99.0
(88.1–99.6)
98.9
(85.2–99.6)
–.36
(–4.31–3.59)
–.09 .19 .81
Waist
circumference (cm)
99.1 (17.9) 100.2 (19.3) 106.5 (16.7) 103.6 (17.1) 4.02
(–13.06–21.10)
.22 .46 <.05*
Percent BF¶ 44.6 (6.6) 43.1 (7.6) 47.7 (5.3) 47.4 (5.6) –1.24
(–7.25–4.78)
–.19 .30 .54
Fat mass (kg) 37.5 (15.0) 37.4 (15.7) 42.9 (15.4) 44.2 (15.6) –1.38
(–16.22–13.47)
–.09 .07 .95
Android fat (kg) 2906
(1414–6285)
3113
(1107–6144)
4203
(1434–5213)
4278
(1462–5681)
–.20
(–1.71–1.31)
–.14 .36 .54
Percent LBM† †  53.4 (6.1) 54.8 (7.0) 50.8 (5.0) 51.0 (5.2) 1.14
(–4.45–6.74)
.19 .31 .50
Total LBM (kg) 44.5 (9.8) 46.8 (10.5) 45.0 (10.3) 46.8 (10.2) .54
(–9.25 – 10.32)
.05 <.0001* .23
Arms LBM (kg) 4.9 (1.2) 5.4 (1.7) 5.1 (1.4) 5.3 (1.3) .28
(–.95–1.50)
.21 .003* .20
Legs LBM (kg) 15.1 (2.9) 15.8 (2.8) 15.1 (3.6) 15.5 (3.4) .22
(–2.92–3.35)
.06 .002* .25
Total BMD‡‡
(g.cm–2)
1.11 (.16) 1.14 (.16) 1.09 (.14) 1.11 (.14) .0
(–.14 –.15)
.02 <.0001* .83
Femoral neck BMD (g.cm–2) 1.09 (.23) 1.10 (.20) 1.01 (.20) 1.05 (.19) –.04
(–.25–.18)
–.15 .11 .10
L2–L4 BMD
(g.cm–2)
1.01 (.7–1.4) 1.08 (.7–1.4) .99 (.80–1.30) 1.06 (.9–1.4) –.04
(–.25 –.18)
–.17 .001* .16
values were generated between treatment groups from independent t–tests for continuous data, and chi square tests for categorical data.
*value <0.05 denotes statistical significance;
† Kung Fu;
‡95% confidence interval;
§Hedge’s bias corrected effect size;
||body mass index;
¶total body fat;
† † lean body mass;
‡‡bone mineral density