Table 1. Comparison between mean peak external adduction (varus) and abduction (valgus) knee moments experienced by the lead leg during golf (in both straight and externally rotated set-up foot position), gait, stair ascent, drop jump landing, and a side-step cutting maneuver. Frontal Plane External Knee Moment (Nm/kg) Adduction Moment Abduction Moment Golf STR .63 (.23) †  -.70 (.12) Golf EXT .54 (.25)†  -.80 (.19) Gait a .49 (.19) n/a Stair Ascent a .42 (.15) n/a Drop Jump Landing b n/a -.74 (.46) Side-step cut c n/a -1.20 (.40) a = taken from Costigan et al. (2002). b = calculated from Hewett et al. (2005). c = taken from Sigward and Powers (2007). STR = straight golf set-up foot position. EXT = externally rotated golf set-up foot position. †  = Statistical difference between the STR & EXT foot rotation conditions at p < 0.05.