Table 2. Emotional states before and after the intervention by music groups. Data are means (±SD).
Pre intervention Post intervention
Self-selected Music Audiofuel Self-selected
Music
Audiofuel
Pre-race pleasant emotion 3.63 (.74) 3.80 (.56) 3.99 (.61) 3.89 (.63)
Early stage of run pleasant emotion 3.68 (.71) 3.79 (.70) 3.86 (.85) 3.85 (.61)
Late stage of run pleasant emotion 3.57 (.62) 3.85 (.75) 3.87 (.63) 3.96 (.64)
Pre-run unpleasant emotion 2.59 (.68) 2.71 (.71) 2.40 (.64) 2.56 (.69)
Early stage of run unpleasant emotion 2.41 (.79) 2.71 (.86) 2.47 (.86) 2.24 (.68)
Late stage of run unpleasant emotion 2.72 (.81) 2.73 (.86) 2.35 (.58) 2.26 (.61)
Pre-race unpleasant emotional arousal 1.67 (.97) 1.83 (.86) 1.79 (.95) 1.67 (.85)
Early stage of run unpleasant emotional arousal 1.66 (.99) 1.69 (.78) 1.57 (.81) 1.50 (.56)
Late stage of run unpleasant emotional arousal 1.90 (.99) 1.79 (.91) 1.79 (.99) 1.60 (.88)
Emotion states; 1 = not at all, 7 = a great extent