Table 3
The most significant measured hip and shoulder angles at different key instances during swing. Data are means (±SD).
Golfer level
p-value
Advanced
Intermediate
Novice
At t
TBS
Upper spinal angle A-P (°)
.01
15.01 (8.00)
24.09 (5.48)
20.72 (7.35)
Upper spinal angle M-L (°)
.05
-18.33 (2.89)
-13.40 (6.31)
-12.61 (6.42)
At t
Impact
Upper spinal angle A-P (°)
0.05
28.54 (6.57)
31.81 (5.72)
35.01 (6.74)
Upper spinal angle M-L (°)
0.05
-17.15 (4.89)
-10.45 (5.51)
-10.30 (10.45)
Hip angle (°)
0.01
-17.88 (5.45)
-28.69 (7.70)
-26.80 (11.90)
Shoulder angle (°)
0.01
2.76 (6.10)
-8.89 (10.28)
-9.48 (13.25)