Table 1
Mean minima (min) and maxima (max) and range of motion (ROM) for all three joints and for all three measured planes. Data are means (±SD).
Sagittal plane
hip
knee
ankle
stride
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-5.6 (6.2)
*
-18.3 (4.5)
*
6.31 (4.5)
*
11.7 (3.6)
*
-21.3 (6.5)
-22.7 (6.2)
max
42.5 (5.6)
*
34.7 (4.9)
*
91.8 (9.2)
*
96.8 (9.2)
*
29.6 (4.6)
29.5 (5.1)
ROM
48.1 (3.9)
53.0 (3.7)
85.5 (9.3)
85.0 (9.2)
50.9 (6.4)
*
52.1 (6.2)
*
stance
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-3.1 (7.5)
*
-15.4 (5.8)
*
7.7 (4.6)
*
12.7 (4.0)
*
-13.9 (10.1)
-15.7 (8.6)
max
39.4 (6.0)
*
28.6 (5.2)
*
42.9 (5.9)
*
44.2 (4.5)
*
29.6 (4.6)
29.5 (5.1)
ROM
42.5 (5.1)
44.9 (5.0)
35.2 (4.0)
31.5 (3.5)
43.5 (9.0)
45.2 (7.4)
swing
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-5.6 (6.2)
*
-18.3 (4.5)
*
6.6 (4.6)
*
12.1 (3.4)
*
-21.3 (6.5)
-22.7 (6.2)
max
42.2 (5.6)
*
34.6 (5.0)
*
91.9 (9.1)
*
96.8 (9.2)
*
16.2 (4.3)
13.4 (3.8)
ROM
47.8 (3.7)
52.9 (3.8)
85.4 (9.3)
84.7 (9.3)
37.6 (7.4)
36.6 (5.2)
Frontal plane
hip
knee
ankle
stride
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-6.2 (2.5)
-6.8 (3.3)
-1.3 (6.4)
-1.0 (3.8)
-6.1 (6.7)
-4.7 (5.2)
max
8.1 (2.9)
8.6 (2.7)
33.8 (15.2)
29.6 (14.5)
6.6 (3.7)
6.7 (4.2)
ROM
14.3 (2.5)
15.0 (3.6)
35.1 (12.9)
30.7 (12.6)
13.4 (5.9)
12.1 (6.0)
stance
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-2.10 (3.3)
-2.3 (4.2)
-0.9 (6.5)
-0.5 (4.0)
-5.5 (6.3)
-3.9 (5.1)
max
8.1 (2.9)
8.4 (2.8)
12.0 (8.8)
11.3 (7.0)
6.3 ( 3.5)
6.5 (4.1)
ROM
10.2 (3.3)
10.7 (4.1)
12.8 (6.3)
11.8 ( 4.4)
12.4 (5.5)
11.0 (4.8)
swing
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-6.2 (2.6)
-6.8 (3.3)
0.0 (4.6)
-0.0 (3.2)
-5.5 (6.3)
-4.6 (4.8)
max
4.8 (2.6)
5.0 (2.7)
33.8 (15.2)
29.7 (14.5)
4.5 (3.6)
4.1 (3.8)
ROM
11.0 (2.3)
11.8 (2.3)
33.8 (13.4)
29.7 (12.9)
10.5 (5.6)
9.3 (3.4)
Transverse plane
hip
knee
ankle
stride
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-6.8 (15.6)
-6.8 (10.7)
-31.3 (13.5)
-24.8 (12.2)
-21.78 (10.3)
-21.0 (11.0)
max
31.9 (16.2)
28.0 (14.9)
10.5 (9.8)
11.0 (9.6)
20.87 (12.3)
17.9 (9.7)
ROM
38.7 (10.2)
34.9 (7.1)
43.0 (7.4)
*
36.5 (5.0)
*
42.65 (11.2)
38.9 (9.5)
stance
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-4.1 (16.6)
-4.3 (11.0)
-24.9 (12.4)
-20.0 (10.5)
-20.9 (9.9)
-20.4 (11.1)
max
12.7 (18.4)
12.0 (12.6)
9.3 (10.3)
9.5 (10.4)
18.9 (12.6)
15.4 (10.5)
ROM
16.8 (5.6)
16.3 (4.78)
35.0 ( 8.3)
30.0 ( 6.4)
39.8 (10.8)
35.8 (9.3)
swing
NT
RT
NT
RT
NT
RT
min
-4.9 (16.6)
-6.1 (11.0)
-31.3 (13.2)
-25.0 (12.2)
-15.3 (11.3)
-13.8 (10.0)
max
32.5 (16.4)
28.2 (14.9)
2.2 (10.0)
5.6 (9.7)
18.9 (12.9)
17.4 (9.4)
ROM
37.4 (10.0)
34.33 (7.0)
34.6 (10.4)
31.3 (7.3)
34.2 (13.1)
31.1 (6.7)
The asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between NT and RT.