Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Pre
Mean (±SD)

Post
Mean (±SD)

Change
(%)

Within-group difference in
change scores from baseline
Mean (95%CI)

P< (group×time)

Group
Differences

Arm curl (times/30sec)

NW (n=17)

24.9 (4.7)

27.8 (4.4)

11.6

2.94 (1.7 to 4.2)

.62

<.001

CW, RES, CON

CW(n=16)

25.3 (3.5)

26.6 (3.2)

5.1

1.25 (0.2 to 2.3)

.37

NW, RES

RES(n=15)

25.7 (5.2)

31.7 (4.1)

23.3

6.07 (3.9 to 8.2)

1.15

NW, CW, CON

CON(n=17)

24.7 (4.3)

25.2 (3.5)

2.0

.59 (-.9 to 2.1)

.18

NW, RES

Chair stand (times/30sec)

NW (n=17)

24.7 (6.0)

27.8 (5.4)

12.6

3.06 (1.7 to 4.4)

.52

<.05

CW(n=16)

24.3 (4.0)

26.6 (3.9)

9.5

2.38 (1.1 to 3.7)

.58

RES

RES(n=15)

24.2 (5.4)

29.3 (4.7)

21.1

5.13 (2.8 to 7.5)

.95

CW, CON

CON(n=17)

25.7 (6.0)

27.3 (5.1)

6.2

1.65 (.1 to 3.2)

.26

RES

12-min walk (m)

NW (n=17)

1142 (77)

1266 (89)

10.9

123.47 (92.5 to 154.4)

1.61

<.001

RES, CON

CW(n=16)

1187 (97)

1313 (112)

10.6

125.63 (97.4 to 153.9)

1.30

RES, CON

RES(n=15)

1143 (108)

1180 (133)

3.2

37.47 (4.7 to 70.2)

.37

NW, CW

CON(n=17)

1099 (86))

1128 (77)

2.6

28.65 (7.6 to 49.8)

.32

NW, CW

Functional reach (cm)

NW (n=17)

28.7 (4.9)

30.5 (2.8)

6.3

1.76 (-.5 to 4.1)

.37

<.05

CW(n=16)

29.0 (3.9)

31.8 (5.5)

9.7

2.75 (-.1 to 5.6)

.72

RES(n=15)

32.0 (6.3)

35.4 (5.4)

10.6

3.40 (.1 to 6.7)

.54

CON

CON(n=17)

32.2 (3.5)

31.3 (3.9)

-2.7

-.94 (-2.5 to .6)

.32

RES

Up & go (sec)

NW (n=17)

4.3 (.3)

4.1 (.4)

4.7

-.21 (-.4 to .0)

.67

<.05

CW(n=16)

4.5 (.6)

4.2 (.5)

6.7

-.24 (-.5 to .0)

.50

RES(n=15)

4.5 (.5)

4.2 (.5)

6.7

-.33 (-.6 to -.1)

.60

CON

CON(n=17)

4.5 (.5)

4.5 (.4)

.00 (-.2 to .2)

.04

RES

Back scratch (cm)

NW (n=17)

-9.2 (16.1)

-5.1 (13.6)

44.5

4.09 (1.1 to 7.0)

.26

<.05

CON

CW(n=16)

-8.0 (14.2)

-6.0 (13.7)

25.0

1.97 (0.4 to 3.5)

.14

CON

RES(n=15)

-3.2 (9.5)

-.1 (9.4)

93.8

3.01 (0.2 to 5.8)

.33

CON

CON(n=17)

-5.7 (14.3)

-7.1 (14.8)

-24.6

-1.32 (-2.5 to -0.2)

.10

NW, CW, RES

Sit & reach (cm)

NW (n=17)

6.9 (13.2)

12.1 (11.5)

75.3

5.18 (2.5 to 7.8)

.39

<.01

CW, CON

CW(n=16)

3.1 (18.3)

5.0 (17.3)

61.3

1.91 (0.5 to 3.3)

.10

NW, CON

RES(n=15)

8.2 (12.2)

11.5 (12.4)

40.2

3.32 (0.7 to 5.9)

.27

CON

CON(n=17)

10.5 (11.7)

9.2 (11.8)

-12.3

-1.29 (-3.7 to 1.1)

.15

NW, CW, RES

SVcomp (deg/sec)

NW (n=17)

1.02 (.25)

.87 (.17)

14.7

-0.15 (-0.2 to -0.1)

.60

N.S.

CW(n=16)

1.01 (.27)

.91 (.23)

9.9

-0.09 (-0.2 to 0.0)

.37

RES(n=15)

1.03 (.23)

.98 (.24)

4.9

-0.05 (-0.2 to 0.1)

.22

CON(n=11)

.79 (.16)

.71 (.10)

-10.1

-0.08 (-0.2 to 0.0)

.50

EPEcomp (%)

NW (n=17)

77. 6 (12.2)

78.6 (10.6)

1.3

1.00 (-3.9 to 5.9)

.08

N.S.

CW(n=16)

75.3 (12.2)

73.6 (10.0)

2.3

-1.62 (-5.0 to 1.8)

.14

RES(n=15)

69.9 (14.7)

75.1 (10.0)

7.4

5.27 (0.3 to 10.3)

.35

CON(n=11)

78.6 (10.4)

81.6 (10.6)

3.8

2.91 (-1.9 to 7.7)

.29

MXEcomp (%)

NW (n=17)

91.7 (9.8)

92.4 (7.2)

0.8

0.71 (-3.4 to 4.8)

.07

N.S.

CW(n=16)

90.7 (6.3)

90.8 (7.7)

0.1

0.06 (-2.6 to 2.7)

.02

RES(n=15)

85.3 (10.3)

88.9 (8.6)

4.2

3.40 (0.4 to 6.4)

.35

CON(n=11)

92.2 (4.9)

97.1 (5.0)

5.3

4.91 (2.6 to 7.2)

.18

NW, Nordic walking group; CW, conventional walking group; RES, band-based resistance exercise; CON, control group; SVcomp, composite mean of four conditions for the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction; EPEcomp, composite mean of endpoint excursion for limits of stability (LOS); MXEcomp, composite mean of maximum excursion for limits of stability (LOS); 95%CI, 95% confidence intervals); ES, effect size; N.S., not significant.