Table 2. Lower-limb kinematics and temporal parameters. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).
Variable High velocity group (n =10) Low velocity group (n =10) p ES High velocity Group (n =10) Low velocity group (n =10) p ES
Phase time/Strength length
Phase 1 time (s) .9 (.2) .9 (.2) .80 .11
Phase 2 time (s) .2 (.0) .2 (.0) .30 .48
Total Pitch Time (s) 1.0 (.2) 1.1 (.2) .76 .14
Stride length (m) 1.5 (.1) 1.5 (.1) .81 .11
Stride length (%height) 85.0 (3.7) 85.2 (4.1) .91 .11
Angles Pivot leg Stride leg
Hip coronal plane (Adduction: +; Abduction: -)
Angle at MKH (°) -24.8 (6.9) -26.9 (5.6) .48 .32 19.7 (15.3) 19.4 (7.2) .97 .02
Angle at MAP (°) -13.5 (10.5) * -24.7 (8.3) .02 1.12 -16.3 (11.6) -27.8 (15.2) .09 .81
Angle at SFC (°) -40.0 (4.7) * -45.2 (4.8) .03 1.05 -37.1 (5.4) -40.9 (5.5) .15 .67
Angle at MER (°) 29.3 (16.8) 21.8 (16.5) .35 .43
Angle at REL (°) 37.8 (13.1) 29.9 (9.8) .17 .64
Hip transverse plane (Internal rotation: +; External rotation: -)
Angle at MKH (°) -24.4 (8.7) -25.5 (5.6) .76 .14 -41.5 (13.9) -38.7 (11.8) .66 .20
Angle at MAP (°) -32.3 (7.4) -31.8 (9.7) .91 .05 -36.8 (7.8) -36.6 (6.6) .95 .03
Angle at SFC (°) -27.1 (7.9) -29.0 (9.2) .65 .21 -47.5 (6.5) -46.9 (7.9) .85 .09
Angle at MER (°) -23.3 (7.4) -21.7 (6.0) .61 .23
Angle at REL (°) -15.3 (6.8) -17.7 (6.7) .45 .35
Hip sagittal plane (Flexion: +; Extension: -)
Angle at MKH (°) 13.9 (4.7) 16.7 (6.1) .30 .48 112.3 (6.6) 105.9 (7.0) .06 .89
Angle at MAP (°) 62.5 (7.8) 58.3 (9.8) .33 .45 48.2 (14.9) 40.6 (12.9) .26 .52
Angle at SFC (°) 24.5 (11.3) 26.5 (14.6) .74 .15 63.4 (12.4) 60.5 (10.4) .61 .23
Angle at MER (°) 110.7 (10.8) 105.1 (5.0) .18 .63
Angle at REL (°) 105.3 (12.7) 100.4 (6.2) .32 .46
Knee sagittal plane (Flexion: +; Extension: -)
Angle at MKH (°) 19.1 (8.2) 16.5 (5.3) .43 .36 114.5 (17.9) 110.6 (12.1) .59 .24
Angle at MAP (°) 49.4 (10.1) 47.9 (7.4) .73 .16 33.7 (17.5) 37.2 (8.3) .59 .25
Angle at SFC (°) 25.5 (6.4) 26.4 (9.7) .82 .10 46.0 (6.7) 44.2 (8.0) .95 .03
Angle at MER (°) 39.5 (13.1) 44.7 (10.2) .36 .42
Angle at REL (°) 27.5 (13.4) * 42.1 (12.8) .03 1.05
Ankle sagittal plane (Dorsiflexion: +; Plantarflexion: -)
Angle at MKH (°) -1.9 (5.7) * 5.2 (6.7) .03 1.09 8.2 (17.7) 8.3 (13.9) .99 .00
Angle at MAP (°) 1.3 (7.4) -.4 (9.4) .67 .20 12.1 (10.5) 11.9 (14.1) .96 .02
Angle at SFC (°) 37.0 (9.0) 28.8 (10.3) .09 .81 17.8 (11.2) 20.1 (17.9) .75 .15
Angle at MER (°) 21.6 (5.3) 21.1 (5.8) .84 .09
Angle at REL (°) 23.9 (6.5) 21.7 (6.3) .49 .32
Joint angular velocities(°·s-1)
Max Hip Add AV 132.4 (52.0) 148.2 (34.0) .45 .34 860.8 (179.8) 781.5 (116.6) .28 .49
Max Hip Abd AV 306.5 (74.4) 262.7 (71.2) .22 .58 49.6 (137.5) 9.7 (84.3) .28 .52
Max Hip IntR AV 144.5 (76.2) 167.5 (162.5) .71 .17 528.5 (102.5) 428.2 (114.6) .07 .85
Max Hip ExtR 65.5 (20.4) 79.7 (29.9) .26 .51 70.1 (77.4) 81.6 (58.9) .72 .16
Max Hip Flexion AV 153.6 (26.6) 141.8 (48.8) .53 .27 620.8 (110.0) 596.2 (123.6) .66 .20
Max Hip Extension AV 549.7 (66.7) 541.5 (163.6) .89 .06 209.2 (98.3) 182.8 (104.8) .60 .27
Max Knee Extension AV 246.2 (80.5) 231.4 (53.8) .65 .20 267.2 (98.6) * 163.6 (129.2) .03 .84
Knee Extension AV at MER -192.6 (137.3) * -33.6 (123.7) .02 1.15
Knee Extension AV at REL -204.8 (100.0) * -87.1 (101.0) .04 1.11
Joint angular velocity temporal parameters (%time)
Maximum Hip Add AV 65.9 (24.5) 60.2 (21.4) .61 .25 150.8 (5.0) 154.1 (10.1) .40 .40
Maximum Hip Abd AV 93.2 (3.9) 91.7 (3.8) .39 .42 169.8 (45.7) 179.2 (39.7) .65 .21
Maximum Hip IntR AV 91.6 (18.6) 85.3 (28.2) .58 .25 165.0 (4.3) 162.1 (5.2) .22 .60
Maximum Hip ExtR AV 67.4 (20.7) 80.6 (12.5) .12 .75 138.8 (40.4) 137.8 (41.0) .96 .02
Maximum Hip Flexion AV 43.1 (21.3) 48.8 (17.9) .55 .27 129.0 (13.2) 126.6 (14.6) .71 .16
Maximum Hip Extension AV 99.2 (1.2) 99.3 (0.9) .86 .08 189.3 (4.8) 192.9 (2.8) .07 .86
Maximum Knee Extension AV 90.0 (3.1) 93.4 (3.0) .03 1.03 171.3 (23.6) 155.8 (38.5) .32 .46
** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups
* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.
P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. Max: maximum. Abd: abduction. Add: Adduction. AV: Angular Velocity. IntR: Internal Rotation. ExtR: External Rotation. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.