Table 3. Trunk kinematics and temporal parameter data. Values are expressed as mean (± SD).
Variable High velocity group (n =10) Low velocity group (n =10) p ES
Angles
Upper Torso
Angle at MKH (°) -23.2 (17.2) -17.6 (13.1) .45 .35
Angle at MAP (°) -30.4 (4.3) -30.6 (13.9) .97 .02
Angle at SFC (°) -34.1 (7.3) -28.6 (9.5) .19 .61
Angle at MER (°) 82.6 (6.2) 82.3 (10.2) .94 .04
Angle at REL (°) 124.0 (6.6) ** 115.4 (5.3) .01 1.36
Pelvis
Angle at MKH (°) -32.9 (20.4) -30.5 (17.6) .80 .12
Angle at MAP (°) -21.3 (13.1) -15.4 (7.7) .26 .52
Angle at SFC (°) 15.7 (8.1) 15.7 (7.8) .99 .00
Angle at MER (°) 93.8 (5.8) 88.6 (8.9) .16 .66
Angle at REL (°) 102.8 (5.3) 96.3 (8.6) .07 .86
Trunk twist
Angle at MKH (°) 9.7 (10.0) 13.0 (7.3) .44 .35
Angle at MAP (°) -9.2 (12.3) -15.2 (14.2) .35 .43
Angle at SFC (°) -49.8 (11.2) -44.3 (9.3) .27 .50
Angle at MER (°) -11.2 (6.7) -6.3 (10.9) .27 .51
Angle at REL (°) 21.2 (6.9) 19.0 (6.7) .52 .30
Forward trunk tilt
Angle at MKH (°) -3.0 (4.0) -4.1 (5.5) .62 .23
Angle at MAP (°) -16.7 (4.2) * -12.0 (4.3) .03 1.05
Angle at SFC (°) -3.1 (5.2) -4.3 (3.9) .58 .25
Angle at MER (°) 15.9 (6.1) * 9.2 (7.4) .05 .93
Angle at REL (°) 28.4 (6.9) * 19.4 (7.8) .02 1.16
Angular velocities
Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (°·s-1) 1360.8 (106.8) ** 1120.2 (120.7) .00 1.94
Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (°·s-1) 738.2 (72.8) * 638.8 (113.1) .04 .99
Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (°·s-1) 954.8 (127.8) ** 764.2 (119.6) .00 1.43
Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (°·s-1) 462.1 (76.1) * 363.7 (117.8) .05 .94
Maximum Forward Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (°·s-1) 338.2 (42.8) 307.7 (63.1) .24 .64
Upper Torso Angular velocity at MER (°·s-1) 1320.8 (112.4) ** 1006.5 (198.5) .00 1.85
Trunk twist Angular velocity at MER (°·s-1) 929.3 (131.3) ** 694.6 (118.1) .00 1.78
Forward Trunk Tilt Angular velocity at SFC (°·s-1) 121.2 (40.4) * 73.4 (36.7) .02 1.17
Angular velocity temporal parameters
Maximum Upper Torso Angular Velocity (%time) 168.6 (6.4) 166.8 (11.7) .69 .18
Maximum Pelvis Angular Velocity (%time) 138.9 (10.7) 138.3 (11.6) .91 .05
Maximum Trunk Positive Twist Angular Velocity (%time) 178.9 (2.4) 181.2 (6.1) .31 .66
Maximum Trunk Negative Twist Angular Velocity (%time) 79.9 (4.9) 79.4 (4.1) .82 .10
Maximum Forward Trunk Tilt Angular Velocity (%time) 191.7 (9.8) 193.2 (6.3) .71 .17
** p < 0.01, Significant difference between high and low groups.
* p < 0.05, Significant difference between high and low groups.
P; p value, ES; effect size value. MKH; Maximal stride knee height. MAP; Maximal anterior push-off force. SFC; Stride foot contacts ground. MER; Maximum shoulder external rotation. REL; Ball release.