Table 1. Baseline participants characteristics. Data is shown as mean (standard deviation).
Characteristics Excluded subjects Included subjects p†  p
(n = 93)* RT (n = 8) NW (n = 7) C (n = 8)
Age (years) 53.9 (6.4) 55.0 (6.9) 56.6 (8.3) 58.1 (5.1) .650 .079
BMI (kg·m-2) 29.7 (3.4) 33.3 (1.2) 29.9 (3.5) 27.6 (2.4) .107 .550
BFP (%) 25.3 (5.4)§ 24.3 (2.0) 26.1 (3.7) 20.4 (6.6) .085 .154
VO2peak (ml·kg-1·min-1) 30.8 (6.6)†– 28.8 (5.9) 28.2 (4.7) 32.9 (8.3) .529 .432
RT = resistance training group, NW = Nordic walking group, C = control group, BMI= Body mass index, BFP = Body fat percentage VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake.
*Subject who completed the randomized controlled trial, but had incomplete physical activity data to be included in this study,
†  p-value between the included subjects groups,
‡ p-value between the excluded subject and the included subjects,
§n = 91,
†–n = 66