Table 1.
Description of the study participants.
Variables
Total
(n = 412)
Men
(n = 108)
Women
(n = 304)
p value
Age (years)
73.4 ± 5.6
74.4 ± 6.0
73.1 ± 5.4
.038
Education (years)
0
31 (7.5%)
4 (3.7%)
27 (8.9%)
.997
1–6
160 (38.8%)
18 (16.7%)
142 (46.7%)
.632
>7
221 (53.6%)
86 (79.6%)
135 (44.4%)
<.001
Smoking status
§
Never
317 (76.9%)
35 (32.4%)
282 (92.8%)
<.001
Current
53 (12.9%)
43 (39.8%)
10 (3.3%)
.032
Former
42 (10.2%)
30 (27.8%)
12 (3.9%)
.021
Prevalence of chronic disease
§
Hypertension
118
32
86
.093
Diabetes mellitus
47
15
32
.966
Heart
26
6
20
.293
Dyslipidemia
51
9
42
.012
Fall
45
8
37
.972
MMSE
25.8 ± 3.1
26.8 ± 2.5
25.5 ± 3.2
<.001
GDS
4.2 ± 3.8
3.9 ± 3.9
4.3 ± 3.7
.440
Body mass index (kg·m
-2
)
24.5 ± 3.0
23.6 ± 2.6
24.7 ± 3.1
.001
Body fat (%)
31.4 ± 6.5
23.3 ± 4.9
34.3 ± 4.2
<.001
Vitamin D (ng·mL
-1
)
20.1 ± 9.4
20.7 ± 8.3
29.9 ± 9.6
.702
Arm curl (no. of reps)
20.0 ± 5.3
21.9 ± 6.2
19.4 ± 4.8
<.001
Chair stand up for 30s (no. of stands)
16.1 ± 4.7
17.8 ± 5.3
15.4 ± 4.8
<.001
Back scratch (cm)
-11.3 ± 14.2
-18.4 ± 15.2
-8.8 ± 12.8
<.01
Chair-sit-and-reach (cm)
8.7 ± 12.6
7.1 ± 13.5
9.3 ± 12.2
.129
Eight-foot-up-and-go (s)
6.0 ± 1.8
5.2 ± 1.3
6.2 ± 1.8
<.001
The 6-min walk (m)
92.8 ± 27.1
97.3 ± 18.9
91.1 ± 29.3
.045
§
Chi-square tests were used to compare sex differences. Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, geriatric depression scale; BMI, body mass index; BF, percent body fat.