Table 1.
Average segmental contribution to the joint force in acceleration phase (N). Data are means (±SD).
Movement (+/-)
Advanced
Intermediate
Open
Square
Open
Square
Peak values
Shoulder
back/fore
-11.63 (4.55)
-9.62 (4.44)
-10.84 (7.27)
-19.78 (6.47)
right/left
25.95 (4.13)
29.81 (3.60)
35.03 (8.83)
37.47 (5.05)
up/down
33.98 (1.99)
29.81 (2.67)
35.42 (5.47)
33.27 (2.37)
Elbow
back/fore
6.64 (2.50)
4.27 (.79)
13.74 (3.27)
12.94 (2.95)
right/left
5.82 (2.06)
4.32 (1.82)
3.07 (2.64)
9.88 (3.78)
up/down
22.72 (1.65)
25.49 (4.02)
33.13 (8.09)
31.58 (4.30)
Wrist
back/fore
9.52 (2.37)
8.76 (1.04)
16.99 (3.67)
19.58 (3.34)
right/left
-10.10 (2.23)
-10.35 (2.45)
-12.13 (5.77)
-15.60 (4.22)
up/down
17.92 (1.02)
19.88 (3.53)
24.65 (5.82)
26.41 (5.01)
Variations
Shoulder
back/fore
21.13 (14.72)
25.33 (15.75)
31.98 (13.21)
25.18 (6.45)
right/left
16.42 (7.62)
14.67 (3.64)
24.03 (9.35)
20.66 (14.83)
up/down
11.25 (6.23)
16.26 (13.38)
15.67 (6.49)
16.42 (8.84)
Elbow
back/fore
9.68 (6.32)
7.47 (4.20)
11.37 (4.21)
10.97 (7.48)
right/left
11.85 (10.99)
15.78 (7.91)
24.68 (7.84)
19.97 (8.33)
up/down
11.63 (6.83)
12.15 (3.34)
18.48 (4.75)
16.58 (14.08)
Wrist
back/fore
8.47 (5.06)
6.50 (3.70)
10.06 (5.18)
11.34 (7.56)
right/left
11.37 (3.28)
7.92 (1.94)
9.33 (4.96)
11.76 (5.47)
up/down
*
13.55 (7.18)
14.04 (6.66)
22.45 (4.14)
20.86 (6.36)
* p < 0.05 (Intermediate > Advanced).