Table 1. Reduced Spanish version of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire. |
Authors |
Year |
Instrument |
Dimensions |
Gill Gross and Huddleston |
1983 |
Participation of Motives Questionnaire (PMQ) or Participation Motivation Inventory (PMI) |
Achievement/status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill development, friendship and fun. |
Gavin |
1992 |
Fitness Incentives Quizzes |
Body motives, social motives and psychological motives |
Dwyer |
1992 |
Revised version of PMQ |
Team orientation, achievement/status, fitness, friendship, skill development, and fun/excitement/challenge |
Frederick and Ryan |
1993 |
Motivation for Physical Activities Measure (MPAM) |
Body motives, competence and fun |
Markland and Hardy |
1993 |
Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI) |
Body image and weight, fun and wellness, prevention and positive health, competition, affiliation, muscular resistance and strength, social status, stress control, flexibility and agility, challenge, and health emergencies |
Markland and Ingledew |
1997 |
EMI-2 |
Marsh |
1996 |
Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) |
Physical appearance, muscular strength, resistance, flexibility, health, adherence, overweight, skills and self-esteem |
Ryan et al. |
1997 |
Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) |
Health, appearance, motor competence and learn new skills, social, and fun/intrinsic motivation |
Telama et al. |
2002 |
- |
Well-being motives, competition motives, appearance motives and social motives |
Morris and Rogers |
2004 |
Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) |
Mastery, enjoyment, psychological condition, physical condition, appearance, others’ expectations, affiliation and competition/ego |
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