Table 1.
Walking measures. Data are means (± SD).
Speed
Walking
-60
-40
-20
SSWS
+20
+40
+60
Velocity
(m·s
-1
)
Normal
.51 (.07)
.76 (.06)
1.02 (.08)
1.27 (.12)
1.52 (.17)
1.76 (.15)
2.00 (.12)
Constrained
.40 (.06)
.61 (.12)
.84 (.13)
1.03 (.16)
1.23 (.20)
1.46 (.22)
1.66 (.28)
Fr
(=v
2
/√gh)
Normal
.03 (.01)
.06 (.01)
.11 (.02)
.17 (.04)
.25 (.06)
.34 (.06)
.43 (.05)
Constrained
.02 (.01)
.04 (.01)
.08 (.02)
.12 (.03)
.16 (.04)
.23 (.06)
.30 (.09)
Energy Cost
(J·kg
-1
·m
-1
)
Normal
5.59 (1.02)
4.12 (.54)
3.44 (.53)
3.20 (.42)
3.15 (.34)
3.41 (.39)
4.01 (.55)
Constrained
7.20 (.82)
5.51 (.98)
4.55 (.72)
4.37 (.57)
4.05 (.40)
3.85 (.24)
3.99 (.31)
CR10
Normal
.04 (.14)
.15 (.24)
.50 (.58)
.92 (.67)
1.77 (.83)
2.35 (.83)
3.62 (1.14)
Constrained
.19 (.37)
.56 (.62)
.81 (.65)
1.50 (.85)
2.00 (.85)
2.75 (1.07)
4.06 (.82)
CHO Oxidation
Rate (
J·kg
-1
·m
-1
)
Normal
.56 (.41)
.54 (.40)
.76 (.42)
.81 (.50)
.96 (.65)
1.65 (1.08)
2.64 (1.60)
Constrained
.73 (.56)
.81 (.57)
.97 (.90)
1.21 (.74)
1.19 (.68)
1.37 (.79)
2.00 (1.22)
Fr: Froude Number =v/√gh
m
, CR10: Rating of Perceived Exertion; CHO: Carbohydrate