Table 1. Address position variables and club-head kinematics at impact for the mediolateral ball positions (mean ± standard deviation). |
| |
1 Left |
1/2 Left |
Ref. |
1/2 Right |
1 Right |
P |
| |
Address position variables |
| Shoulder rotation (°) |
-1.5 ± 2.7 |
-0.8 ± 3.1 |
-0.8 ± 3.2 |
-0.4 ± 3.0 |
0.3 ± 2.5 |
<0.001*† |
| Pelvic rotation (°) |
0.3 ± 3.2 |
0.8 ± 3.2 |
1.1 ± 3.3 |
1.0 ± 2.8 |
1.2 ± 3.0 |
0.11 |
| Shoulder side-bending (°) |
-13.0 ± 2.7 |
-12.4 ± 2.9 |
-12.0 ± 2.6 |
-11.6 ± 2.7 |
-11.5 ± 2.5 |
<0.001*† ‡ÇǶ |
| Pelvic side-bending (°) |
-0.6 ± 3.1 |
-0.7 ± 3.3 |
-0.3 ± 2.7 |
-0.4 ± 3.2 |
0.1 ± 2.9 |
0.07 |
| Trunk flexion (°) |
41.5 ± 3.1 |
41.5 ± 2.9 |
41.5 ± 2.9 |
41.4 ± 3.0 |
41.1 ± 2.9 |
0.07 |
| Left hip flexion (°) |
33.9 ± 7.8 |
33.8 ± 7.4 |
34.1 ± 7.5 |
33.3 ± 7.3 |
33.6 ± 7.8 |
0.29 |
| Right hip flexion (°) |
36.5 ± 8.1 |
36.8 ± 8.0 |
37.1 ± 8.2 |
36.6 ± 7.7 |
36.9 ± 8.3 |
0.57 |
| Left knee flexion (°) |
21.6 ± 7.6 |
20.9 ± 7.15 |
21.5 ± 7.4 |
20.8 ± 7.4 |
21.4 ± 7.3 |
0.19 |
| Right knee flexion (°) |
24.0 ± 5.6 |
23.6 ± 5.4 |
24.4 ± 5.5 |
24.1 ± 5.7 |
24.3 ± 5.8 |
0.15 |
| Left ankle dorsiflexion (°) |
4.7 ± 4.1 |
4.6 ± 3.6 |
4.9 ± 3.7 |
4.6 ± 3.6 |
4.8 ± 3.8 |
0.57 |
| Right ankle dorsiflexion (°) |
5.1 ± 2.9 |
4.9 ± 2.8 |
5.2 ± 2.9 |
5.1 ± 3.2 |
5.2 ± 3.1 |
0.67 |
| Hand height (mm) |
653.7 ± 22.3 |
656.6 ± 21.4 |
655.8 ± 21.8 |
657.6 ± 21.3 |
657.0 ± 21.6 |
0.03*§ |
| Head height (mm) |
1515.5 ± 48.3 |
1518.5 ± 49.0 |
1517.9 ± 51.7 |
1519.2 ± 49.8 |
1517.1 ± 48.8 |
0.12 |
| Absolute arm angle (°) |
-1.9 ± 3.1 |
-1.8 ± 2.8 |
-1.3 ± 2.8 |
-1.8 ± 2.7 |
-1.6 ± 2.9 |
0.02‡‡ |
| Club-face aim angle (°) |
-3.4 ± 2.8 |
-2.9 ± 2.8 |
-2.1 ± 3.1 |
-1.9 ± 2.8 |
-1.4 ± 2.8 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ** |
| Lie angle (°) |
52.5 ± 2.4 |
52.7 ± 2.3 |
52.8 ± 2.3 |
52.9 ± 2.3 |
52.9 ± 2.3 |
0.012*† |
| Loft angle (°) |
18.5 ± 2.8 |
18.2 ± 2.8 |
18.6 ± 3.4 |
18.5 ± 3.0 |
18.6 ± 2.7 |
0.36 |
| Left VGRF (%BW) |
56.8 ± 4.5 |
55.6 ± 6.4 |
54.3 ± 5.8 |
53.2 ± 5.8 |
52.0 ± 4.9 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ† † ‡‡ |
| Right VGRF (%BW) |
43.2 ± 4.5 |
44.4 ± 6.4 |
45.7 ± 5.8 |
46.8 ± 5.8 |
48.0 ± 4.9 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ† † ‡‡ |
| COP Y (mm) |
0.2 ± 5.6 |
0.1 ± 7.2 |
0.00 |
-1.8 ± 7.3 |
-1.6 ± 5.0 |
0.37 |
| COP X (mm) |
-0.4 ± 9.1 |
-0.5 ± 7.2 |
0.00 |
0.5 ± 6.8 |
-0.1 ± 6.1 |
0.99 |
| |
Club-head kinematics at impact |
| Club-face aim (â—‹) |
3.5 ± 2.4 |
2.1 ± 2.4 |
1.7 ± 2.4 |
3.7 ± 2.4 |
5.6 ± 2.4 |
0.002*Çdž † |
| Club-head speed (m/s) |
35.6 ± 2.5 |
35.5 ± 2.3 |
35.5 ± 2.0 |
35.6 ± 2.1 |
35.6 ± 2.5 |
0.97 |
| Club path (m/s) |
0.8 ± 1.5 |
0.8 ± 1.4 |
0.9 ± 1.6 |
1.5 ± 1.7 |
2.1 ± 1.7 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ† † §§ |
| Angle of attack (m/s) |
-1.7 ± 0.9 |
-1.8 ± 1.5 |
-2.5 ± 1.1 |
-2.4 ± 1.6 |
-2.9 ± 1.1 |
0.003*ÇÇ |
|
Post hoc significant differences (p < 0.05) for pairwise comparisons: |
ÇÇ1/2 left vs. 1 right, |
**1/2 left vs. reference, |
† † reference vs. 1 right, |
‡‡reference vs. 1/2 right, |
COP Y: change of the center of pressure along the mediolateral direction, COP X: change of the center of pressure along the anteroposterior direction, VGRF: vertical ground reaction force, BW: body weight. |
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