Table 2. Address position variables and P values for the anteroposterior ball positions (mean ± standard deviation). |
| |
1 Left |
1/2 Left |
Ref. |
1/2 Right |
1 Right |
P |
| |
Address position variables |
| Shoulder rotation (°) |
-0.6 ± 3.1 |
-0.7 ±2.9 |
-0.8 ± 3.2 |
-0.6 ± 2.7 |
-0.6 ± 3.2 |
0.90 |
| Pelvic rotation (°) |
0.6 ± 3.3 |
0.4 ± 3.0 |
1.1 ± 3.3 |
0.9 ± 3.2 |
1.1 ± 3.2 |
0.20 |
| Shoulder side-bending (°) |
-12.1 ± 2.7 |
-12.1 ± 2.7 |
-12.0 ± 2.6 |
-11.9 ± 2.7 |
-12.0 ± 2.8 |
0.60 |
| Pelvic side-bending (°) |
-0.3 ± 3.0 |
-0.5 ± 3.2 |
-0.3 ± 2.7 |
0.0 ± 2.7 |
-0.0 ± 3.0 |
0.28 |
| Trunk flexion (°) |
40.2 ± 3.3 |
40.7 ± 2.9 |
41.5 ± 2.9 |
42.2 ± 3.1 |
42.8 ± 3.4 |
<0.001*† ‡ÇǶ**† † ‡‡§§ |
| Left hip flexion (°) |
32.5 ± 7.3 |
33.1 ± 7.1 |
34.1 ± 7.5 |
34.6 ± 7.8 |
35.0 ± 7.6 |
0.02† |
| Right hip flexion (°) |
35.2 ± 7.9 |
36.0 ± 8.0 |
37.1 ± 8.2 |
37.7 ± 8.1 |
38.1 ± 7.6 |
<0.001† |
| Left knee flexion (°) |
19.3 ± 7.2 |
19.9 ± 7.0 |
21.5 ± 7.4 |
22.0 ± 7.2 |
22.9 ± 6.8 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ§§ |
| Right knee flexion (°) |
22.0 ± 5.0 |
22.9 ± 5.4 |
24.4 ± 5.5 |
25.0 ± 5.2 |
25.9 ± 5.1 |
<0.001*† Çdž † §§ |
| Left ankle dorsiflexion (°) |
3.7 ± 3.4 |
4.0 ± 3.5 |
4.9 ± 3.7 |
5.1 ± 3.7 |
5.6 ± 3.6 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ** |
| Right ankle dorsiflexion (°) |
4.3 ± 2.5 |
4.6 ± 2.9 |
5.2 ± 2.9 |
5.8 ± 2.7 |
6.2 ± 2.7 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ |
| Hand height (mm) |
667.6 ± 23.3 |
663.4 ± 22.7 |
655.8 ± 21.8 |
652.7 ± 21.6 |
649.3 ± 19.7 |
<0.001*† ‡§ÇǶ**† † ‡‡ |
| Head height (mm) |
1527.8 ± 48.6 |
1524.5 ± 47.8 |
1517.9 ± 51.7 |
1515.9 ± 48.0 |
1511.6 ± 46.5 |
<0.001*† ÇǶ |
| Absolute arm angle (°) |
-2.8 ± 3.3 |
-2.4 ± 2.7 |
-1.3 ± 2.8 |
-1.1 ± 3.00 |
-0.4 ± 3.2 |
<0.001*† ‡ÇǶ**† † |
| Club-face aim angle (°) |
-2.6 ± 2.7 |
-1.9 ± 4.0 |
-2.1 ± 3.1 |
-2.7 ± 2.9 |
-2.7 ± 2.9 |
0.12 |
| Lie angle (°) |
54.2 ± 2.4 |
53.5 ± 2.4 |
52.8 ± 2.3 |
52.3 ± 2.2 |
51.9 ± 2.1 |
<0.001*† ‡ÇǶ† † §§ |
| Loft angle (°) |
17.0 ± 2.9 |
18.9 ± 4.8 |
18.6 ± 3.4 |
18.8 ± 2.8 |
19.4 ± 2.9 |
0.17 |
| Left VGRF (%BW) |
54.4 ± 4.3 |
54.1 ± 4.9 |
54.3 ± 5.8 |
53.2 ± 4.4 |
53.4 ± 5.3 |
0.03† |
| Right VGRF (%BW) |
45.6 ± 4.3 |
45.9 ± 4.9 |
45.7 ± 5.8 |
46.8 ± 4.4 |
46.6 ± 5.3 |
0.03† |
| COP Y (mm) |
-0.5 ± 4.8 |
-0.6 ± 4.9 |
0.00 |
0.1 ± 2.9 |
-0.7 ± 2.7 |
0.82 |
| COP X (mm) |
-8.4 ± 7.1 |
-4.1 ± 9.1 |
0.00 |
6.1 ± 7.8 |
11.5 ± 12.2 |
<0.001*† ‡ÇÇ |
| |
Club-head kinematics at impact |
| Club-face aim (â—‹) |
3.5 ± 3.7 |
3.5 ± 3.5 |
1.7 ± 3.8 |
5.0 ± 3.2 |
4.6 ± 3.5 |
0.002 |
| Club-head speed (m/s) |
35.1 ± 2.5 |
35.3 ± 2.3 |
35.5 ± 2.0 |
35.8 ± 2.5 |
35.8 ± 2.3 |
0.003*† ¶ |
| Club path (m/s) |
1.3 ± 1.5 |
1.4 ± 1.6 |
0.9 ± 1.6 |
1.4 ± 1.3 |
1.2 ± 1.5 |
0.15 |
| Angle of attack (m/s) |
-2.2 ± 1.2 |
-2.2 ± 1.5 |
-2.5 ± 1.1 |
-2.7 ± 1.4 |
-1.9 ± 1.4 |
0.02† † §§ |
|
Post hoc significant differences (p < 0.05) for pairwise comparisons: |
† 1 close vs. 1/2 further, |
ÇÇ1/2 close vs. 1 further, |
¶1/2 close vs. 1/2 further, |
**1/2 close vs. reference, |
† † Reference vs. 1 further, |
‡‡Reference vs. 1/2 further, |
§§1/2 further vs. 1 further. |
COP Y: change of the center of pressure along the mediolateral direction, COP X: change of the center of pressure along the anteroposterior direction, VGRF: vertical ground reaction force, BW: body weight. |
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