Table 2. Conditions for measuring shoulder joint muscle strength using a hand held dynamometer. MVIC task Posture Limb posture Dynamometer position Flexion Seated 0° shoulder flexion, 0° abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in neutral Distal lateral humerus supracondylar crest Extension Seated 0eatedulder flexion, 0t abduction, 0° elbow flexion, forearm in neutral Above the olecranon Abduction Seated 90atedoulder abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in pronation Distal lateral humerus supracondylar crest Adduction Seated 0eatedulder flexion, 0t abduction, 0° elbow flexion, forearm in pronation Distal medial humerus supracondylar crest Horizontal abduction Prone 90° shoulder abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in pronation Above the olecranon Horizontal adduction Supine 90° shoulder abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in pronation Distal lateral humerus Internal rotation Seated 45° shoulder flexion, 135° elbow flexion Styloid process of the ulna External rotation Seated 45° shoulder flexion, 135° elbow flexion Styloid process of the ulna Protraction Seated 90° shoulder flexion, elbow full extension 2nd~3rd proximal interphalanges MVIC: maximal voluntary isometric contraction.