Table 2. One-year longitudinal changes in the upper arm and thigh muscle thicknesses. Data presented are the means (standard deviations). |
|
Late group
n = 12 |
Mid group
n = 12 |
Early group
n = 17 |
F value |
| Interaction |
Main effect |
| time |
group |
| VM (mm) |
Baseline |
32.5 (3.9) |
33.4 (4.6) |
35.9 (4.5) |
3.42b |
59.97§ |
1.25 |
| 12 months |
36.8 (4.8)** |
37.9 (3.5)** |
37.9 (3.5)** |
| ∆ |
4.3 (2.9) |
4.5 (3.4) |
2.0 (2.7) |
| RF (mm) |
Baseline |
21.1 (2.9)‡ |
22.0 (3.2)† |
25.1 (3.3) |
6.36a |
51.62§ |
4.99¶ |
| 12 months |
23.2 (2.4)** |
24.2 (2.6)** |
25.7 (3.1) |
| ∆ |
2.1 (1.2) |
2.2 (1.6) |
0.5 (1.5) |
| VI (mm) |
Baseline |
18.0 (3.9) |
17.7 (2.5) |
19.8 (2.9) |
2.91 |
13.35§ |
0.73 |
| 12 months |
19.5 (3.5)* |
20.3 (2.9)** |
20.2 (3.7) |
| ∆ |
1.5 (2.0) |
2.7 (2.7) |
0.3 (2.9) |
| VL (mm) |
Baseline |
22.8 (3.5) |
22.8 (3.3) |
25.7 (3.5) |
6.98a |
52.39§ |
1.8 |
| 12 months |
25.6 (2.9)** |
25.6 (2.8)** |
26.4 (3.3) |
| ∆ |
2.8 (1.5) |
2.8 (2.7) |
0.6 (1.1) |
|
n = 8 |
n = 10 |
n = 6 |
|
| BB (mm) |
Baseline |
23.4 (3.1)‡ |
24.9 (2.6)‡ |
29.6 (2.3) |
3.56b |
65.09§ |
5.02¶ |
| 12 months |
29.0 (4.6)** |
28.6 (2.9)** |
31.9 (2.1)* |
| ∆ |
5.6 (2.8) |
3.7 (2.5) |
2.4 (0.5) |
| TB (mm) |
Baseline |
22.6 (2.7)‡ |
25.0 (2.6) |
28.2 (4.5) |
0.33 |
3.61 |
9.42§ |
| 12 months |
24.2 (2.3)## |
25.8 (3.3)# |
30.5 (4.3) |
| ∆ |
1.6 (3.2) |
0.7 (3.1) |
2.3 (5.6) |
|
BB: biceps brachii, RF: rectus femoris, TB: triceps brachii, VI: vastus intermedius, VL: vastus lateralis, VM: vastus medialis |
b p < 0.05: significant interaction. |
¶ p < 0.05: significant main effect. |
** p < 0.01: vs baseline. |
‡ p < 0.01: vs early group at baseline. |
## p < 0.01: vs early group at 12 months. |
|