Table 2. Changes of heart rate and parameters of arterial stiffness before and 10 min after different types of acute exercises of indoor cycling, cross-country skiing and alpine skiing. Data are mean value (± standard deviation; n = 18).
Indoor cycling
Cross-country skiing
Alpine skiing
Repeated-measures ANOVA
Before
After
Change in %
Before
After
Change in %
Before
After
Change in %
Exercise mode (p)
Time (p)
Exercise mode x time (p)
HR [bpm]
62 (10)
85*** (15)
+38.4 (18.1)
64 (10)
90*** (14)
+43.2 (16.3)
65 (10)
84*** (16)
+29.7 (15.0)
0.254
<0.001
<0.01
cSBP [mmHg]
115.5 (11.1)
107.5*** (11.4)
-6.9 (4.5)
112.2 (12.5)
110.6 (13.1)
-1.2 (8.6)
112.1 (11.2)
112.2 (10.8)
+0.3 (7.1)
0.485
<0.05
<0.01
cPP [mmHg]
32.0 (5.6)
29.9 (6.1)
-5.4 (18.2)
32.6 (5.8)
31.4 (5.3)
-1.9 (17.3)
32.1 (6.6)
30.3 (6.0)
-3.7 (19.7)
0.318
0.051
0.970
AIx [%]
17.3 (11.4)
13.6 (4.9)
-4.5 (49.0)
15.3 (9.5)
15.2 (7.9)
+44.4 (121.1)
14.5 (5.8)
15.9 (6.1)
+29.9 (84.0)
0.997
0.858
0.523
reflection coefficient [%]
63.7 (8.1)
57.9** (8.2)
-8.3 (13.4)
63.0 (8.7)
56.9** (8.3)
-8.8 (13.5)
64.2 (10.4)
62.8 (6.4)
-0.1 (17.0)
0.070
<0.01
0.329
Pf [mmHg]
20.6 (3.2)
20.1 (3.7)
-0.9 (18.3)
21.2 (3.1)
21.2 (3.2)
+0.9 (14.7)
20.7 (3.0)
19.7 (3.4)
-4.3 (14.7)
0.295
0.333
0.722
Pb [mmHg]
13.1 (2.9)
11.8* (3.2)
-8.8 (22.3)
13.4 (2.9)
12.1 (2.7)
-7.1 (20.2)
13.4 (3.5)
12.4 (2.7)
-3.4 (23.8)
0.444
<0.01
0.948
PWV [m/s]
7.15 (1.36)
6.96** (1.34)
-2.6 (4.1)
7.09 (1.43)
7.12 (1.47)
+0.4 (4.9)
7.07 (1.48)
7.08 (1.45)
+0.4 (4.0)
0.817
0.342
<0.05
AIx: augmentation index, bpm: beats per minute, cPP: central pulse pressure, cSBP: central systolic blood pressure, HR: heart rate, Pb: amplitude of the backward pressure wave, Pf: amplitude of the forward pressure wave, PWV: pulse wave velocity;
* p<.05:
** p<.01;
*** p<.001: significance level before vs. after exercise.