| Ball forward (+) velocity (m/s) |
16.10 (1.13) |
15.89 (1.45) |
14.52 (1.10) |
14.37 (0.78) |
| Ball downward velocity (-) (m/s) |
-1.80 (-0.26) |
-1.72 (-0.16) |
-1.41 (-0.27) |
-1.40 (-0.27) |
| Peak racket resultant velocity (m/s) |
18.62 (1.51) |
18.15 (1.33) |
18.76 (1.52) |
18.37 (1.89) |
| Timing of peak racket resultant velocity (s) |
0.11 (0.01) |
0.14 (0.04) * |
0.11 (0.02) |
0.12 (0.04) |
| Initial trunk right rotation (-) angle (°) |
-19.86 (11.76) |
-11.34 (12.01) |
-16.35 (12.41) |
-8.37 (11.94) |
| Final trunk right rotation (-) angle (°) |
-5.99 (7.15) |
-2.33 (7.29) |
-6.08 (8.13) |
-2.77 (7.47) |
| Trunk left (+) rotation angular velocity (°/s) |
154.2 (169.0) |
145.0 (67.7) |
97.1 (193.5) |
74.1 (83.5) |
| Initial shoulder abduction (-) angle (°) |
-22.51 (8.62) |
-28.00 (6.88) |
-21.85 (7.90) |
-27.25 (8.66) |
| Final shoulder abduction (-) angle (°) |
-43.72 (7.64) |
-48.35 (8.36) |
-41.16 (6.21) |
-45.20 (9.05) |
| Shoulder adduction (+) / abduction (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-34.53 (161.52) |
42.77 (220.86) |
-3.78 (166.88) |
13.63 (194.06) |
| Initial shoulder flexion (-) angle (°) |
-15.40 (19.33) |
-16.35 (18.39) |
-14.44 (18.66) |
-12.73 (20.52) |
| Final shoulder flexion (-) angle (°) |
-57.07 (16.81) |
-60.66 (17.72) |
-60.61 (17.90) |
-59.57 (19.60) |
| Shoulder flexion (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-802.5 (268.8) |
-953.6 (281.8) |
-775.4 (248.7) |
-998.6 (332.0) |
| Initial shoulder external rotation (-) angle (°) |
-42.62 (10.72) |
-27.88 (19.81) * |
-43.50 (10.41) |
-33.80 (16.52) |
| Final shoulder internal (+) / external (-) rotation angle (°) |
-9.88 (14.78) |
6.94 (18.63) * |
-6.84 (13.43) |
5.49 (19.35) |
| Shoulder internal (+) rotation angular velocity (°/s) |
1096.6 (237.8) |
1082.1 (340.8) |
1099.0 (236.3) |
1077.1 (336.8) |
| Initial elbow flexion (-) angle (°) |
-55.73 (15.11) |
-56.11 (15.91) |
-56.54 (16.60) |
-55.67 (19.46) |
| Final elbow flexion (-) angle (°) |
-59.09 (14.74) |
-53.33 (15.09) |
-59.89 (14.97) |
-56.22 (18.18) |
| Elbow flexion (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-72.15 (172.66) |
-176.18 (149.32) |
-78.80 (204.59) |
-191.12 (191.99) |
| Initial forearm pronation (+) angle (°) |
129.6 (18.0) |
137.0 (16.2) |
130.3 (20.1) |
133.0 (17.7) |
| Final forearm pronation (+) angle (°) |
132.4 (14.2) |
136.7 (16.7) |
133.1 (14.6) |
137.6 (16.6) |
| Forearm pronation (+) angular velocity (°/s) |
98.5 (180.7) |
213.6 (111.1) |
102.1 (210.3) |
207.3 (116.8) |
| Initial racket adduction (+) angle (°) |
6.59 (13.96) |
44.98 (11.13) # |
8.13 (14.38) |
45.66 (11.38) # |
| Final racket adduction (+) / abduction (-) angle (°) |
2.66 (12.73) |
34.70 (9.28) # |
2.35 (13.14) |
32.98 (10.20) # |
| Racket adduction (+) / abduction (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-175.6 (75.3) |
-212.7 (121.5) |
-191.7 (94.1) |
-194.9 (108.6) |
| Initial racket extension (+) / flexion (-) angle (°) |
1.99 (19.38) |
-48.28 (23.87) # |
2.35 (21.16) |
-45.97 (25.84) # |
| Final racket extension (+) / flexion (-) angle (°) |
0.38 (14.17) |
-33.28 (17.52) # |
0.02 (14.20) |
-33.19 (15.43) # |
| Racket extension (+) / flexion (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-47.8 (102.1) |
196.1(99.6) # |
-26.9 (121.1) |
189.1 (116.7) # |
| Initial racket external rotation (-) angle (°) |
-28.65 (18.63) |
-79.10 (15.14) # |
-28.33 (19.76) |
-79.17 (17.29) # |
| Final racket external rotation (-) angle (°) |
-31.32 (16.16) |
-72.13 (12.43) # |
-31.25 (16.79) |
-70.14 (12.62) # |
| Racket internal (+) rotation angular velocity (°/s) |
13.23 (87.14) |
106.88 (78.35) * |
16.49 (101.37) |
88.21 (90.30) |