| Ball forward (+) velocity (m/s) |
16.13 (0.95) |
15.11 (0.78) * |
14.63 (1.15) |
13.71 (0.92) * |
| Ball downward velocity (-) (m/s) |
-2.04 (-0.22) |
-1.93 (-0.25) |
-1.61 (-0.18) |
-1.35 (-0.21) † |
| Peak racket resultant velocity (m/s) |
17.04 (1.37) |
14.55 (1.18) # |
17.86 (1.36) |
15.36 (1.09) # |
| Timing of peak racket resultant velocity (s) |
0.13 (0.02) |
0.15 (0.02) † |
0.13 (0.03) |
0.16 (0.03) * |
| Initial trunk left rotation (+) angle (°) |
17.83 (6.55) |
21.74 (5.34) |
16.73 (4.66) |
19.36 (5.26) |
| Final trunk left rotation (+) angle (°) |
7.31 (7.35) |
17.47 (4.98) # |
4.15 (6.45) |
14.20 (6.58) # |
| Trunk left (+) / right (-) rotation angular velocity (°/s) |
-101.6 (98.04) |
2.48 (88.50) * |
-128.2 (99.14) |
-15.87 (80.20) † |
| Initial shoulder abduction (-) angle (°) |
-38.44 (6.75) |
-34.67 (6.58) |
-40.28 (6.81) |
-36.80 (7.33) |
| Final shoulder abduction (-) angle (°) |
-30.91 (9.48) |
-40.91 (8.93) * |
-27.36 (9.85) |
-34.84 (8.36) |
| Shoulder adduction (+) angular velocity (°/s) |
112.25 (119.43) |
20.15 (100.92) |
159.55 (95.72) |
76.46 (130.78) |
| Initial shoulder flexion (-) angle (°) |
-47.83 (13.01) |
-45.38 (10.68) |
-44.08 (14.09) |
-42.62 (8.78) |
| Final shoulder flexion (-) angle (°) |
-84.50 (10.76) |
-78.58 (13.75) |
-83.05 (12.19) |
-79.95 (15.83) |
| Shoulder flexion (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-229.53 (133.71) |
-315.27 (188.66) |
-210.28 (122.03) |
-269.36 (181.77) |
| Initial shoulder internal rotation (+) angle (°) |
66.12 (16.40) |
59.82 (14.72) |
64.59 (16.95) |
55.80 (13.92) |
| Final shoulder internal (+) rotation angle (°) |
55.63 (11.62) |
46.92 (14.90) |
57.22 (12.09) |
45.23 (9.36) * |
| Shoulder external (-) rotation angular velocity (°/s) |
-726.02 (202.98) |
-498.06 (394.52) |
-829.12 (227.21) |
-766.64 (332.10) |
| Initial elbow flexion (-) angle (°) |
-83.23 (5.73) |
-84.79 (11.98) |
-77.10 (8.18) |
-78.76 (12.77) |
| Final elbow flexion (-) angle (°) |
-55.43 (9.39) |
-62.52 (10.15) |
-55.52 (9.80) |
-58.45 (9.78) |
| Elbow extension (+) angular velocity (°/s) |
558.64 (140.19) |
619.45 (167.95) |
419.42 (176.97) |
451.41 (170.42) |
| Initial forearm pronation (+) angle (°) |
87.52 (17.39) |
79.95 (13.98) |
88.08 (21.00) |
85.71 (14.77) |
| Final forearm pronation (+) angle (°) |
74.08 (17.65) |
71.33 (13.76) |
73.46 (18.76) |
72.54 (12.51) |
| Forearm supination (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
-422.60 (335.01) |
-41.91 (309.07) † |
-610.53 (402.54) |
-319.97 (296.21) |
| Initial racket adduction (+) / abduction (-) angle (°) |
-27.72 (16.73) |
23.45 (15.63) # |
-28.86 (17.21) |
20.36 (13.85) # |
| Final racket adduction (+) / abduction (-) angle (°) |
-21.15 (10.07) |
11.17 (10.81) # |
-20.74 (10.32) |
9.38 (9.38) # |
| Racket adduction (+) / abduction (-) angular velocity (°/s) |
328.61 (350.26) |
-97.80 (146.89) † |
244.62 (320.05) |
-82.96 (147.04) † |
| Initial racket flexion (-) angle (°) |
-47.48 (16.88) |
-96.10 (21.35) # |
-47.00 (15.67) |
-88.87 (27.77) # |
| Final racket flexion (-) angle (°) |
-9.93 (12.55) |
-52.58 (15.11) # |
-7.03 (12.06) |
-44.24 (14.01) # |
| Racket extension (+) angular velocity (°/s) |
1252.6 (380.1) |
1042.7 (358.2) |
1347.1 (447.5) |
828.5 (314.4) † |
| Initial racket external rotation (-) angle (°) |
-66.36 (9.15) |
-62.41 (9.14) |
-66.97 (9.27) |
-58.57 (12.64) |
| Final racket external rotation (-) angle (°) |
-70.13 (13.27) |
-59.96 (9.08) |
-69.50 (13.58) |
-61.03 (9.00) |
| Racket external (-) rotation angular velocity (°/s) |
-135.58 (203.01) |
-107.55 (149.48) |
-201.20 (197.74) |
-200.29 (111.89) |