Table 3.
Muscle activation onset times for the 3 groups. All values are mean ± standard deviation.
Neutral
Flatfoot
High-arch
P
values
Effect sizes
b
Neutral vs Flatfoot
Neutral vs High-arch
Flatfoot vs High-arch
Tibialis anterior (s)
a
-0.16 ± 0.17
-0.16 ± 0.17
-0.18 ± 0.14
0.998
0.00
0.02
0.00
Peroneal longus (s)
a
0.03 ± 0.08
0.08 ± 0.24
0.01 ± 0.08
0.937
0.04
0.09
0.00
Gastrocnemius medialis (s)
a
0.06 ± 0.11
0.04 ± 0.14
0.03 ± 0.11
0.973
0.00
0.06
0.04
Soleus (s)
0.10 ± 0.14
0.17 ± 0.24
0.01 ± 0.11
0.164
0.35
0.81
0.92
a
The data were not normally distributed.
b
Cohen’s d and r were calculated when the data were normally distributed and not normally distributed, respectively.