Table 2. Blood parameters at baseline and after time trials and recovery.
BS Post-TT1 Post-recovery Post-TT2 ∆TT2 vs. ∆TT1
Mean (SE) %D within conditions
pH IPC
NMES
AR		 7.46
(0.02)		 7.22 (0.01)*** † 
7.28 (0.02)***
7.24 (0.02)***		 7.44 (0.01)‡
7.44 (0.01)
7.48 (0.02)*		 7.26 (0.02)*** † ‡
7.31 (0.02)***
7.29 (0.02)***		 0.4%*
0.7%***
0.7%***
PCO2
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 34.7
(2.1)		 29.3 (1.7)*** † 
27.6 (1.8)***
28.0 (2.2)***		 33.5 (1.6)
35.8 (1.1)*
31.7 (3.1)**		 29.9 (1.2)*** † 
27.1 (2.5)***
29.8 (1.8)***		 2.9%‡
-4.0%
7.0%*
PO2
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 86.8
(7.6)		 95.5 (3.8)***
100.4 (4.0)
95.5 (4.5) **		 70.3 (4.7)** ‡
66.8 (4.2)***
81.0 (7.2)		 99.8 (2.5)*** ‡
100.5 (7.3)***
94.5 (4.2)		 4.2%*
-0.2%
-1.0%
[Na+]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 147
(1)		 144(1)
144(1)*
144(1)**		 144(1)**
144(1)**
146(2)		 142 (1)*** † 
144(1)**
143(1)**		 -0.9%*
0.0%
-0.1%
[K+]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 6.98
(0.50)		 5.53 (0.41)**
5.95 (0.52)*
5.80 (0.64)		 6.26 (0.69)
6.04 (0.70)
6.30 (0.67)		 5.08 (0.39)***
6.44 (1.01)
5.73 (0.73)*		 -6.9%
7.2%
-2.6%
[Ca2+]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 1.22
(0.02)		 1.26 (0.02)
1.22 (0.03)
1.24 (0.02)		 1.19 (0.02)
1.20 (0.02)
1.19 (0.02)***		 1.22 (0.01)
1.23 (0.02)
1.23 (0.02)		 -2.3%
0.6%
-0.6%
[Cl-]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 113
(2)		 112(1)
113(1)
112(2)		 112(2)
110(1)
113(2)		 110(1)
113(3)
113(3)		 -2.5%*
-1.2%
-0.7%
[Glc]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 5.96
(0.30)		 7.14 (0.29)*** ‡
6.42 (0.48)
6.94 (0.33)***		 5.78 (0.31)† ‡
6.30 (0.35)
6.81 (0.36)**		 6.18 (0.36)† 
5.60 (0.32)
5.97 (0.43)		 -10.4%**
-15.3%***
-14.6%***
[Lact]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 3.50
(0.50)		 14.6 (0.5)***
14.3 (0.7)***
14.6 (0.6)***		 4.8 (0.4)*** † 
4.1 (0.5)***
4.1 (0.5)***		 12.5 (0.6)***
12.0 (0.8)***
12.4 (1.0)***		 -11.8%*
-16.3%**
-16.6%**
Hct
%		 IPC
NMES
AR		 48.1
(1.3)		 48.9 (0.8)† 
49.8 (1.3)
49.3 (1.0)		 44.0 (1.3)***
44.6 (1.2)***
44.9 (1.2)***		 49.0 (1.0)† 
51.6 (1.6)**
49.1 (0.6)		 -0.4%
3.5%*
-0.2%
[HCO3-]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 24.3
(0.8)		 12.0 (0.8)***
12.9 (1.0)***
11.9 (0.6)***		 22.7 (0.6)* † 
24.2 (0.3)
22.8 (1.1)**		 13.3 (0.9)***
13.6 (1.3)***
14.3 (0.9)***		 9.9%** ‡
8.6%*
19.2%***
[cTCO2]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 25.3
(0.9)		 12.9 (0.8)***
13.7 (1.0)***
12.8 (0.7)***		 23.8 (0.6)* † 
25.3 (0.4)
23.8 (1.2)**		 14.2 (1.0)***
14.4 (1.4)***
15.2 (0.9)***		 9.6%** ‡
7.7%
18.2%***
[Be(ecf)]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 0.4
(0.8)		 -15.6 (0.9)***
-14.0 (1.2)***
-15.4 (0.6)***		 -1.4 (0.5)* † 
0.1 (0.4)*
-0.8 (0.7)**		 -13.9 (1.2)*** † ‡
-12.7 (1.5)***
-12.3 (1.1)***		 -10.6%** ‡
-14.6%**
-21.3%***
[Be(b)]
mmol·L-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 1.0
(0.6)		 -14.1 (0.8)***
-12.2 (1.1)***
-13.7 (0.6)***		 -0.6 (0.4)** † 
0.4 (0.4)*
0.2 (0.4)*		 -12.5 (1.2)*** † ‡
-10.7 (1.3)***
-10.7 (1.1)***		 -11.0%** ‡
-18.0%***
-21.8%***
cSO2
%		 IPC
NMES
AR		 96.2
(0.7)		 95.7 (0.5)
96.8 (0.5)
95.8 (0.7)		 93.6 (1.3)**
92.9 (1.2)***
95.0 (2.0)		 96.5 (0.4)* ‡
96.8 (0.5)
96.2 (0.7)		 0.8%*
-0.2%
0.4%
[cHgb]
g·dL-1		 IPC
NMES
AR		 16.4
(0.4)		 16.7 (0.3)† 
17.0 (0.5)
16.8 (0.3)		 14.9 (0.4)***
15.1 (0.4)***
15.3 (0.4)***		 16.7 (0.3)† 
17.5 (0.6)**
16.8 (0.2)		 -0.9%
3.1%
-0.4%
Within-condition clear differences at time point (post-TT1, post-recovery, post-TT2), compared to baseline, and for changes (∆: TT2 compared to TT1) are denoted as small (0.20-0.49, *), moderate (0.50-0.79, **), or large (≥0.80, ***). Between-condition clear differences at time point, compared to baseline, and between changes are denoted for IPC vs. NMES († ) or IPC vs. AR (‡). For small, moderate or large effects, symbols are presented in italics, bold, or underlined, respectively. Abbreviations: AR, active recovery; Be(b), Be(ecf), base excess of blood and extracellular fluid; BS, baseline; Ca2+, ionized calcium; HCO3-, bicarbonate; cHgb, haemoglobin; Cl-, chloride; cSO2, arterial blood O2 saturation; cTCO2, total CO2; %D, percentage difference; glc, glucose; Hct, hematocrit; IPC, ischemic preconditioning; K+, potassium; lact, lactate; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; PCO2 and PO2, CO2 and O2 partial pressure.