Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

IPC

NMES

Heart rate and arterial O₂ saturation values

HR (bpm)

S_pO₂ (%)

HR (bpm)

S_pO₂ (%)

HR (bpm)

S_pO₂ (%)

TT1

175(3)

96.8 (0.5)

175(4)

96.9 (0.5)

176(3)

96.5 (0.6)

R30

164(3)

96.9 (0.5) b

163(5)

96.7 (0.5)

165(5)

96.4 (0.5)

R60

142(4)

97.8 (0.5)

142(5)

97.6 (0.4)

140(4)

97.7 (0.5)

R90

124(4)

98.1 (0.4)

124(5)

98.2 (0.4)

126(4)

97.9 (0.5)

R120

117(5)

98.2 (0.4) b

115(4)

98.2 (0.4)

119(5)

97.9 (0.6)

TT2

171(4)

97.8 (0.4)

172(4)

97.8 (0.4)

171(3)

97.6 (0.6)

R30

166(5)

97.0 (0.5)

167(4)

97.4 (0.5)

167(5)

97.8 (0.5)

R60

144(5)

98.0 (0.5)

143(3)

98.6 (0.4)

147(4)

98.3 (0.4)

R90

125(5)

98.2 (0.5)

125(4)

98.3 (0.4)

127(5)

98.0 (0.4)

R120

118(6)

98.4 (0.4)

111(7)

98.4 (0.4)

118(6)

98.4 (0.4)

% difference within conditions (TT2 compared to TT1)

ΔTT

-2.7% *

1.0% **

-1.7% *

0.9% *

-3.0% *

1.1% **

ΔR30

0.8%

0.1% ab

2.6% *

0.8% **

1.1%

1.2% **

ΔR60

1.3% b

0.2% a

1.3%

1.0% **

4.6% *

0.5% *

ΔR90

0.5%

0.1%

0.9%

0.1%

0.8%

0.3%

ΔR120

0.4%

0.2% a

-4.4%

0.2%

0.6%

0.6% *

Within-condition clear differences for changes (∆: TT2 compared to TT1) are denoted as small (*), moderate (**), or large (***). Between-condition clear differences for the first TT and recovery period and for changes are denoted for IPC vs. NMES (a) or IPC vs. AR (b). For small (0.20-0.49), moderate (0.50-0.79) or large (≥0.80) effects, symbols are presented in italics, bold, or underlined, respectively. Abbreviations: AR, active recovery; bpm, beat per minute; ES, effect size; HR, heart rate; IPC, ischemic preconditioning; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; R(30, 60, 90, 120), values after 30, 60, 90 or 120 sec of recovery; S_pO₂, arterial O₂ saturation; TT, time trial.