Table 3. Heart rate and arterial O2 saturation following time trials and during recovery. Values are means (±SE).
IPC NMES AR
Heart rate and arterial O2 saturation values
HR (bpm) SpO2 (%) HR (bpm) SpO2 (%) HR (bpm) SpO2 (%)
TT1 175(3) 96.8 (0.5) 175(4) 96.9 (0.5) 176(3) 96.5 (0.6)
  R30 164(3) 96.9 (0.5) b 163(5) 96.7 (0.5) 165(5) 96.4 (0.5)
  R60 142(4) 97.8 (0.5) 142(5) 97.6 (0.4) 140(4) 97.7 (0.5)
  R90 124(4) 98.1 (0.4) 124(5) 98.2 (0.4) 126(4) 97.9 (0.5)
  R120 117(5) 98.2 (0.4) b 115(4) 98.2 (0.4) 119(5) 97.9 (0.6)
TT2 171(4) 97.8 (0.4) 172(4) 97.8 (0.4) 171(3) 97.6 (0.6)
  R30 166(5) 97.0 (0.5) 167(4) 97.4 (0.5) 167(5) 97.8 (0.5)
  R60 144(5) 98.0 (0.5) 143(3) 98.6 (0.4) 147(4) 98.3 (0.4)
  R90 125(5) 98.2 (0.5) 125(4) 98.3 (0.4) 127(5) 98.0 (0.4)
  R120 118(6) 98.4 (0.4) 111(7) 98.4 (0.4) 118(6) 98.4 (0.4)
% difference within conditions (TT2 compared to TT1)
ΔTT -2.7% * 1.0% ** -1.7% * 0.9% * -3.0% * 1.1% **
ΔR30 0.8% 0.1% ab 2.6% * 0.8% ** 1.1% 1.2% **
ΔR60 1.3% b 0.2% a 1.3% 1.0% ** 4.6% * 0.5% *
ΔR90 0.5% 0.1% 0.9% 0.1% 0.8% 0.3%
ΔR120 0.4% 0.2% a -4.4% 0.2% 0.6% 0.6% *
Within-condition clear differences for changes (∆: TT2 compared to TT1) are denoted as small (*), moderate (**), or large (***). Between-condition clear differences for the first TT and recovery period and for changes are denoted for IPC vs. NMES (a) or IPC vs. AR (b). For small (0.20-0.49), moderate (0.50-0.79) or large (≥0.80) effects, symbols are presented in italics, bold, or underlined, respectively. Abbreviations: AR, active recovery; bpm, beat per minute; ES, effect size; HR, heart rate; IPC, ischemic preconditioning; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; R(30, 60, 90, 120), values after 30, 60, 90 or 120 sec of recovery; SpO2, arterial O2 saturation; TT, time trial.