Table 2. Baseline values, changes, and a comparison of the changes (workshop minus control, adjusted to mean baseline value) for the children in control and workshop groups who completed assessments at the end of the study. |
|
Baseline |
Observed change |
Comparison
(mean, ±CL; decision) |
Control
(mean ± SD) |
Workshop
(mean ± SD) |
SWE |
Control
(mean ± SD) |
Workshop (mean ± SD) |
| Mean motivation (0-100) |
B |
81 ± 9 |
74 ± 15 |
3 |
-24 ± 22 |
-6 ± 20 |
12, ±13; moderate, benefit |
| G |
69 ± 23 |
66 ± 21 |
4 |
-42 ± 27 |
-6 ± 25 |
33, ±13; large, benefit**** |
DTKI omitted
responses |
B |
24 ±15 |
18 ±12 |
-3 |
5 ± 12 |
-2 ± 6 |
-8, ±5; moderate, benefit*** |
| G |
15 ±8 |
14 ±8 |
-2 |
2 ± 13 |
1 ± 8 |
-2, ±8; small, benefit |
| DTKI mistakes |
B |
23 ±15 |
30 ±25 |
-4 |
14 ± 24 |
-3 ± 21 |
-20, ±13; moderate, benefit*** |
| G |
17 ± 14 |
11 ± 9 |
-2 |
1 ± 19 |
4 ± 10 |
-2, ±10; small, benefit |
Dispositional
coping (0-100) |
B |
35 ±14 |
37 ± 18 |
3 |
-3 ± 12 |
0 ± 19 |
4, ±9; small, benefit |
| G |
33 ±18 |
33± 15 |
3 |
3 ± 21 |
10 ± 25 |
8, ±10; small, benefit |
| Sport state anxiety
(0-100) |
B |
25 ± 10 |
29 ± 18 |
-2 |
7 ± 11 |
-1 ± 17 |
-6, ±8; small, benefit |
| G |
41 ± 12 |
45 ± 22 |
-4 |
-11 ± 11 |
-7 ± 20 |
4, ±10; small, harm* |
Sport state anxiety
self-reflection (0-100) |
B |
59 ± 17 |
65 ± 17 |
3 |
-7 ± 21 |
2 ± 19 |
14, ±11; moderate, benefit |
| G |
50 ± 5 |
47 ± 17 |
3 |
17 ± 19 |
2 ± 26 |
-12, ±14; moderate, harm** |
| Sport trait anxiety
(0-100) |
B |
33 ± 20 |
39 ± 29 |
-5 |
1 ± 20 |
-6 ± 25 |
-2, ±12; trivial |
| G |
54 ± 25 |
57 ± 28 |
-5 |
7 ± 42 |
-3 ± 27 |
-9, ±27; small, benefit |
Athlete-coach
relationship (0-100) |
B |
86 ± 7 |
82 ± 14 |
2 |
-6 ± 14 |
-4 ± 16 |
0, ±9; trivial |
| G |
87 ± 5 |
75 ± 12 |
2 |
-12 ± 30 |
1 ± 10 |
-6, ±37; small, harm |
| Motor reaction time (ms) |
B |
182 ± 62 |
173 ± 36 |
-11 |
-15 ± 45 |
3 ± 35 |
14, ±19; small, harm* |
| G |
220 ± 28 |
230 ± 44 |
-8 |
-20 ± 64 |
-37 ± 33 |
-18, ±40; small, benefit |
| Reaction time
(ms) |
B |
485 ± 84 |
473 ± 74 |
-16 |
-44 ± 84 |
-19 ± 59 |
19, ±34; small, harm* |
| G |
536 ± 71 |
484 ± 61 |
-14 |
-46 ± 92 |
-30 ± 56 |
-13, ±48; trivial |
| Situational coping
(0-100) |
B |
47 ± 19 |
47 ± 11 |
3 |
5 ± 16 |
3 ± 16 |
-2, ±10; trivial, harm* |
| G |
50 ± 15 |
45 ± 13 |
3 |
8 ± 15 |
10 ± 20 |
-2, ±9; trivial, harm* |
|
****most likely. Comparisons in bold are clear with more conservative hypothesis tests (p < 0.001 or p < 0.05 respectively). |
SWE, smallest worthwhile effect for benefit. B, boys (footballers); G, girls (gymnasts); CL, 90% confidence limits; DTKI, Determination test for kids. Sample sizes: footballers control 15-19, workshop 13-15; gymnasts control 8-10, workshop 12-13. Clear comparisons (p<0.005 or p<0.25 for rejecting hypotheses of harm or benefit respectively) are shown with the following likelihoods for benefit or harm: |
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