Table 4. Statistical comparisons for changes in physical fitness in the experimental and control groups.
Variable Outdoor training group (n=25) Treadmill training group (n=25) Control group (n=25) Time × group
Pre Post p-value
[g]
Magnitude		 Pre Post %Δ p-value
[g]
Magnitude		 Pre Post p-value
[g]
Magnitude		 p-value [ηp2]
Magnitude
Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD
50 m
sprint (s)		 7.56±0.48 7.49±0.46 <0.001*
[0.15]
Trivial		 7.63±0.34 7.40±0.34 3.0 <0.001* [0.67]
Moderate		 7.45±0.59 7.46±0.57 0.538
[0.02]
Trivial		 <0.001# [0.78]
Large
SLJ (m) 1.92±0.14 2.07±0.13ac <0.001* [1.09]
Large		 1.91±0.09 2.17±0.09bc 13.6 <0.001* [2.73]
Large		 1.93±0.15 1.94±0.15 0.358
[0.07]
Trivial		 <0.001# [0.83]
Large
Cooper’s test (m) 2,452±223 2,610±224a <0.001* [0.70]
Moderate		 2,434±189 2,678±132b 10.0 <0.001* [1.47]
Large		 2,396±303 2,403±282 0.564
[0.02]
Trivial		 <0.001# [0.73]
Large
FVC (L) 3.87±0.40 4.12±0.43a <0.001* [0.59]
Moderate		 3.86±0.41 4.01±0.44 3.9 <0.001* [0.35]
Small		 3.80±0.25 3.78±0.26 0.710
[0.08]
Trivial		 <0.001# [0.31]
Large
Left calf girth (cm) 33.78±2.71 33.97±2.59 <0.001* [0.07]
Trivial		 35.62±3.56 35.78±3.56 0.4 <0.001* [0.04]
Trivial		 34.26±2.79 34.26±2.78 1.000
[0.00]
Trivial		 0.002# [0.16]
Large
Right calf girth (cm) 33.68±2.70 33.83±2.68 <0.001* [0.05]
Trivial		 35.59±3.50 35.81±3.52 0.6 <0.001* [0.06]
Trivial		 34.16±2.77 34.14±2.74 0.479
[0.01]
Trivial		 <0.001# [0.23]
Large
RHR (beats/min) 69.28±1.54 66.04±1.74a <0.001* [1.94]
Large		 69.00±1.47 65.92±2.16b 4.5 <0.001* [1.64]
Large		 69.16±1.49 68.6±1.73 0.058
[0.34]
Small		 <0.001# [0.43]
Large
*: significant difference between baseline and follow-up measures; #: significant time by group effect.
a: significant difference at follow-up between outdoor training group and control group; b: significant difference at follow-up between the treadmill training and the control group; c: significant difference at follow-up between the outdoor and treadmill training group; FVC: forced vital capacity; g: Hedges’ g effect size; ηp2: partial eta squared; RHR: resting heart rate; SD: standard deviation; SLJ: standing long jump;