Table 2. Analysis of performance variables of the front crawl tumble turn according to skill level. Data are means (SD). |
|
Sub-elite swimmers
(n = 9) |
Elite swimmers
(n = 9) |
IC (95%) |
Effect size (d) |
p-value |
| Turn time (3mRTT, s) |
3.15 (0.11) |
2.89 (0.07) |
(-0.35:-0.18) |
3.05 |
0.000 |
| Maximal speed (Vmax, m/s) |
2.34 (0.22) |
2.58 (0.17) |
(0.05:0.43) |
-1.03 |
0.015 |
| Speed 3 m before the wall (VIn, m/s) |
1.54 (0.22) |
1.75 (0.23) |
(-0.42:0.01) |
1.06 |
0.057 |
| Approach time (AT, s) |
1.23 (0.08) |
1.09 (0.06) |
(-0.20:-0.06) |
1.88 |
0.001 |
| Speed 1 m before the rotation (V1mR, m/s) |
1.57 (0.13) |
1.73 (0.13) |
(-0.28:-0.04) |
1.70 |
0.013 |
| Speed at the end of push-off (VG, m/s) |
2.31 (0.22) |
2.55 (0.15) |
(0.21:0.68) |
-1.06 |
0.011 |
| Head-wall distance when speed goes to 2.2 m/s (D22, m) |
1.86 (0.16) |
2.31 (0.32) |
(0.18:0.48) |
-1.59 |
0.001 |
| Speed 3 m after the turning wall (VOut, m/s) |
1.68 (0.12) |
2.01 (0.19) |
(0.18:0.48) |
-2.05 |
0.000 |
| Lower limb extension index at the end of push-off (GLLei) |
0.97 (0.07) |
1.04 (0.07) |
(-0.01:0.48) |
-0.83 |
0.079 |
| Upper body extension index at beginning of push-off (PoUBei) |
0.85 (0.07) |
0.89 (0.06) |
(-0.02:0.10) |
-0.64 |
0.174 |
| Underwater propulsion distance (UD, m) |
2.29 (0.33) |
2.61 (0.35) |
(0.01:0.64) |
-0.93 |
0.046 |
| Head-wall distance when speed goes to 1.9 m/s (D19, m) |
2.41 (0.36) |
2.79 (0.38) |
(0.02:0.72) |
-0.85 |
0.037 |
| Lateralization during push-off (LA,°) |
-1.66 (5.81) |
2.54 (3.24) |
(-8.62:0.22) |
-0.83 |
0.057 |
| Horizontal impulse during the push-off (HPoL, N.s) |
134.54 (43.06) |
171.44 (48.96) |
(-6.41:80.22) |
0.80 |
0.090 |
|
Speeds (VOut, V1mR, VG, VIn, and Vmax) were horizontal speeds of the swimmers’ head. |
|