Table 1. Effects of stretching on changes in the range of motion, peak passive torque, and passive stiffness. Dependent variable Stretching method Pre Post 0 min Post 20 min Post 60 min ROM (°) SS 86.0 ± 6.4 99.7 ± 6.9 * 96.2 ± 6.2 * 94.9 ± 6.8 * Relative change - +16.1 ± 3.5% +12.1 ± 2.7% +10.5 ± 4.2% DS 86.2 ± 7.4 99.0 ± 6.1 * 95.7 ± 5.7 * 94.4 ± 6.8 * Relative change - +15.2 ± 5.6% +11.4 ± 5.8% +9.7 ± 4.7% SS-DS 85.4 ± 6.7 99.3 ± 6.7 * 96.2 ± 7.0 * 94.5 ± 7.4 * Relative change - +16.5 ± 5.9% +12.8 ± 4.5% +10.6 ± 3.6% DS-SS 85.8 ± 7.2 99.1 ± 7.4 * 96.5 ± 7.8 * 95.2 ± 6.8 * Relative change - +15.6 ± 5.1% +12.6 ± 4.6% +11.1 ± 4.5% PPT (Nm) SS 31.1 ± 6.9 37.2 ± 8.8 * 36.2 ± 8.4 * 35.4 ± 8.2 * Relative change - +19.8 ± 7.2% +16.6 ± 8.0% +13.9 ± 7.8% DS 31.2 ± 6.1 36.1 ± 6.5 * 36.1 ± 6.9 * 35.0 ± 7.3 * Relative change - +16.2 ± 11.8% +16.0 ± 10.7% +12.0 ± 9.1% SS-DS 31.2 ± 6.3 36.0 ± 7.5 * 35.5 ± 8.0 * 35.0 ± 7.5 * Relative change - +15.5 ± 8.1% +13.8 ± 6.8% +12.1 ± 6.7% DS-SS 31.2 ± 7.9 36.5 ± 8.1 * 35.6 ± 8.0 * 34.9 ± 7.9 * Relative change - +18.0 ± 10.0% +15.0 ± 7.9% +12.6 ± 9.1% Passive stiffness (Nm/°) SS 0.411 ± 0.119 0.367 ± 0.107 * 0.382 ± 0.111 * 0.385 ± 0.124 Relative change - -10.6 ± 7.3% -7.1 ± 8.5% -6.7 ± 12.4% DS 0.409 ± 0.100 0.357 ± 0.093 * 0.382 ± 0.105 * 0.385 ± 0.132 Relative change - -12.9 ± 6.3% -6.8 ± 8.9% -7.3 ± 9.2% SS-DS 0.412 ± 0.108 0.346 ± 0.102 * 0.367 ± 0.094 * 0.377 ± 0.108 * Relative change - -16.0 ± 10.1% -10.4 ± 8.6% -8.7 ± 9.6% DS-SS 0.410 ± 0.140 0.359 ± 0.098 * 0.368 ± 0.107 * 0.363 ± 0.112 * Relative change - -11.3 ± 6.9% -9.3 ± 7.5% -10.7 ± 10.0% ROM, range of motion; PPT, passive torque; SS, static stretching; DS, dynamic stretching; SS-DS, static stretching followed by dynamic stretching; DS-SS, dynamic stretching followed by static stretching. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05 compared with the pre-stretching value.