| Ahmadabadi
et al., 2015 |
16 |
9.62 ±
1.45 |
Girls |
ND |
DS; Control
(no
warm-up) |
DS: Engage
in 12 stretching routines, each performed twice with 8-10 repetitions for
every exercise. Allow a 5-second preparation interval before transitioning
to the next exercise. |
Static
Double Eyes Open (SDEO); Static Single Eyes Open (SSEO); Dynamic Double
Eyes Open (DDEO); Dynamic Single Eyes Open (DSEO) Balance the vault |
Force plate
(measuring balance); Vault test |
| Dallas
et al., 2014b |
18 |
21.83 ±
1.76 |
Women and
men |
Artistic |
SS; PNF;
VP |
Each participant
executed a series of three stretching exercises targeting the knee flexors
(hamstrings), knee extensors (quadriceps muscle), and plantar flexors (soleus
muscle-gastrocnemius) within each of the three distinct warm-up interventions.
Each exercise was sustained for a duration of 15 seconds, reaching a level
of mild discomfort, and followed by a 15-second rest period before transitioning
to the next exercise. This sequence was repeated three times for each warm-up
method, resulting in a total of 3 exercises x 15 seconds within each warm-up
routine. |
CMJ; SJ;
Sit and reach |
Optical
acquisition system for measuring CMJ and SJ; Sit-and-reach box |
| Dallas
et al., 2014a |
34 |
9.22 ±
1.34 |
Girls and
boys |
Artistic |
SS; VP |
SS: Participants
underwent a singular training session employing various execution forms
for three distinct exercises. For the initial exercise, they performed one
squat every 4 seconds, adhering to the experimental design (resulting in
6-8 squats in total), with each squat reaching a depth of approximately
90° of knee flexion. The second and third exercises involved standing on
one leg, flexing their knee to around 120° of knee flexion, and replicating
the movement pattern from the preceding exercise. Each exercise lasted for
30 seconds. Overall, they completed two sets of 30 seconds for the first
exercise and one set of 30 seconds for the second and third exercises, with
a 30-second rest interval between sets. VP: made the same as SS, but with
VP working. |
CMJ; SJ;
single leg SJ; Sit and reach |
Switch
mat for CMJ and SJ; Sit-and-reach box |
| Dallas
et al., 2021 |
31 |
22.32 ±
3.35 |
Women |
Artistic,
rhythmic, team gymnastics |
DS; PNF;
Control (no stretching) |
DS: Participants
engaging in Dynamic Stretching contracted the antagonistic muscles of the
target areas intentionally while maintaining an upright standing position.
They flexed or extended the relevant joints once every 2 seconds for each
leg alternately. This dynamic stretching routine was executed for a total
duration of 80 seconds, focusing on the quadriceps, hamstrings, hip extensors,
and plantar flexors. PNF: Combining static stretching (SS) with isometric
contractions, PNF involved two repetitions of each stretching exercise for
the quadriceps, hamstrings, hip extensors, and plantar flexors. Participants
held each stretch for 10 seconds at a point of discomfort, avoiding pain,
with no rest between repetitions. The entire stretching session lasted for
4 minutes. Control: the control group engaged in a 5-minute treadmill run
as part of their warm-up routine. |
Contact
time; flight time; step length; step rate; leg length; vertical displacement
of the center of mass; leg stiffness; vertical stiffness; maximal ground
reaction force |
Vertical
stiffness during treadmill running |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
38 |
14.1 ±
3.2 |
ND |
ND |
SS; control
(regular warm-up) |
SS: Four
distinct lower body stretching exercises were incorporated into the routine,
including a seated bilateral hamstring stretch, a standing unilateral calf
stretch performed both with and without a bent knee, and a standing unilateral
quadriceps stretch. Each stretch was repeated three times, with each repetition
sustained for more than 30 seconds, reaching a point of mild discomfort.
A rest period of approximately 2 minutes was observed between each exercise,
and a longer 4-minute interval was allowed between sets of stretching exercises.
Control: consisted of a 4-minute jogging session, followed by 4 minutes
of dynamic plyometric training and hopping. Subsequently, participants engaged
in 10 minutes of ballistic stretching to enhance leg and back flexibility.
The warm-up regimen concluded with a focused 2-minute session targeting
abdominal and dorsal muscle strength training. |
flight
time; and ground contact time on SJ, CMJ and Hopping test Leap performance |
Optical
acquisition system for measuring CMJ, SJ and Hopping test; Leap test |
| Manso
et al., 2015 |
10 |
13.2 ±
1.8 |
Girls |
Rythmic |
SS; PNF |
SS: The regimen
involves a sequence of 10 repetitions, with each contraction lasting for
5 seconds, followed by an intense 10-second phase of maximum forced stretching
and concluding with a brief 2-second relaxation. The entire process spans
a total duration of 150 seconds. PNF: This technique comprises 15 repetitions,
each featuring a robust 10-second phase of maximum forced stretching coupled
with a 5-second relaxation interval between each stretch. The overall duration
of this exercise routine also amounts to 150 seconds. |
Maximum
radial deformation or displacement of the muscle belly, speed of response
at 3 mm deformation, length of time for which the contraction was maintained
and relaxation time |
Tensiomyography |
| Johnson
et al., 2019 |
27 |
11.5 ±
1.7 |
Girls |
ND |
SS; VP |
SS: Each
participant completed four sets of three stretches, dedicating 30 seconds
to each stretch and incorporating a 5-second rest interval between stretches.
VP:
the same of SS, but with VP on. |
Dynamic
split jump flexibility; jump height. |
Split jump |
| Kinser
et al., 2008 |
22 |
11.3 ±
2.6 |
Girls |
ND |
SS; VP |
VP: The protocol
involved 10 seconds of vibration-assisted stretching, followed by a 5-second
rest interval between stretches, implemented at four specific sites. This
process was repeated four times in a vertically loaded/cyclic manner. Each
athlete traversed all four sites, repeating the same sequence three additional
times, ensuring adequate exposure and rest between each site. The stretching
was executed to the point of discomfort. SS: Similar to VP, participants
assumed identical positions, but without the addition of vibration. |
Right and
left forward-split; CMJ; SJ |
Forward-split;
CMJ and SJ on force-plate. |
| McNeal
and Sands, 2003 |
13 |
13.3 ±
2.6 |
Girls |
Artistic |
SS; control
(no warm-up) |
SS: Three
fundamental exercises form a common foundation in gymnastics preparation.
In the stair stretch, participants were guided to lower their heels off
the edge of a stair, reaching their maximum range of motion. The partner
supine stretch involved the investigator applying resistance to the ball
of the foot, aiming to achieve maximal dorsiflexion of the gymnast's ankle
while maintaining a straight leg. Lastly, in the pike stretch, gymnasts
assumed a seated pike position, bending forward at the hips toward their
feet. Here, the investigator applied resistance to the feet, emphasizing
maximal dorsiflexion of the ankle. To ensure consistency in stretching intensity,
all stretches were assisted and supervised by the same investigator. Each
stretching position was held for a duration of 30 seconds, with the range
of motion extended to the point where the gymnast indicated mild discomfort
verbally. Control: Did not engage in a warm-up. |
DJ (flight
time; ground time) |
Drop jump
test |
| McNeal
et al., 2011 |
22 |
13.8 ±
2.2 |
Girls |
Artistic |
SS; VP |
SS: The stretching
intervention involved adopting a forward split position with a focus on
the front leg hamstring muscle group, followed by a forward lunge position
emphasizing the rear leg quadriceps muscle group. For each position, participants
completed four sets of stretches, each lasting 10 seconds, with a 5-second
rest between sets. VP: Mirroring the SS routine, participants replicated
the same positions but incorporated vibration. |
Split angle |
Forward
split |
| Melocchi
et al., 2021 |
8 |
14 ± 2 |
Girls |
ND |
SS; DS;
Control (no stretching) |
SS: Within
the repertoire of ten exercises, including the low lunge pose, forward split,
and thoracic bridge, each individual stretch was sustained for a duration
ranging from 15 to 20 seconds. The cumulative time spent on these exercises
amounted to approximately 3 minutes. DS: Comprising seven exercises such
as torso rotation, shoulder pass-through, and lateral lunge, participants
completed between 3 to 10 repetitions for each exercise. The entire set
of dynamic stretches took approximately 3 minutes to complete. Control:
Participants in this group were not exposed to any stretching exercises. |
SJ (height);
CMJ (height); Gymnastic jump (height); range of motion of coxo-femoral joint |
A video-based
mobile application was used to measure SJ, CMJ and gymnastic jump.
The
forward oversplit was applied for measuring range of motion. |
| Montalvo
and Dorgo, 2020 |
11 |
23.18 ±
2.52 |
Women and
men |
ND |
SS; DS;
SS+DS; DS+SS; Control (no stretching) |
Both the
dynamic and static stretching protocols comprised 15 exercises, requiring
approximately 10-15 minutes for completion. The combined protocols, ST+DY
and DY+ST, took between 20-25 minutes to finish, necessitating the completion
of all exercises before proceeding to the subsequent testing session. |
CMJ (height),
SJ (height), depth jump (height) |
Optical
acquisition system for measuring CMJ, SJ and depth jump |
| Papia
et al., 2018 |
19 |
9.8 ±
0.5 |
Girls |
Gymnastics
for all |
SS; Control
(no stretching) |
SS: Participants
engaged in 90 seconds of uninterrupted static stretching specifically targeting
the quadriceps muscle of one leg.
Control: Participants in this group
did not partake in any stretching exercises. |
Unilateral
and bilateral CMJ (height); Hip and knee range of motion. |
An electronic
contact mat was employed to measure the CMJ.
The hip joint range
of motion was determined as the angle between the horizontal plane and the
line connecting the markers placed on the hip and knee. |
| Sands
et al., 2006 |
10 |
10.1 ±
1.5 |
Boys |
ND |
SS; VP |
SS: Athletes
engaged in forward and rearward leg stretches, reaching the point of discomfort
for 10 seconds, succeeded by a 5-second rest interval. This sequence was
repeated four times on each leg and in a split position, resulting in a
total duration of 4 minutes.
VP: Mirroring the SS routine, participants
replicated the same positions but incorporated vibration. |
Left and
right forward split (height) |
Forward
split position with the rear leg flexed at the knee and the shank held vertically
against a matted block |
| Sands
et al., 2008 |
10 |
10.7 ±
0.99 |
Boys |
ND |
SS; VP |
SS: performed
split positions over 45 seconds. VP: Mirroring the SS routine, participants
replicated the same positions but incorporated vibration. |
Left and
right forward split (height) |
Side split |
| Siatras
et al., 2003 |
11 |
9.8 ±
0.8 |
Boys |
ND |
SS; DS;
control (traditional warm-up) |
Control:
Participants engaged in 5 minutes of general exercises, including jogging,
jumping, and short sprints. SS: Similar to the control condition, participants
performed the same general exercises but also included 2 static stretching
exercises. Each static stretching position was held steadily for 30 seconds,
reaching the point of limitation before the onset of pain. DS: In line with
the control condition, participants followed the same general exercises
but incorporated exercises similar to the SS condition. However, in dynamic
stretching, participants swung their lower limbs in a dynamic fashion through
their maximal range of motion as fast as possible for 30 seconds. |
Running
speed of gymnasts executing a "handspring" vault 0-15m |
Four pair
of photocells were used to measure the running speed at "handspring" vault |
| Siatras,
2014 |
14 |
20.9 ±
2.2 |
Men |
Artistic |
SS; control
(traditional warm-up) |
SS: The static
stretching routine extended over 60 seconds, including two conditions (a)
synergist muscles focused on the thigh and trunk muscles, and (b) antagonist
muscles. The end range of motion was maintained passively for 60 seconds
in a single repetition, reaching the point of limitation before the onset
of pain.
Control: Participants in the control group engaged in 5
minutes of general exercises, including jogging, jumping, and various exercises
without incorporating any stretching movements. |
Angle on
V-sit exercise (legs horizontal, trunk-vertical and arms-vertical) |
V-sit exercise
executed on parallel bars |
| Zaggelidou
et al., 2023 |
15 |
13.86 ±
1.03 |
Girls |
Rhythmic |
SS; DS |
SS: This
routine comprised 14 exercises, each involving static stretching for a duration
ranging between 10 and 15 seconds. The number of repetitions varied from
1 to 3, depending on the specific exercise.
DS: Mirroring the exercises
in the SS condition, the dynamic stretching routine incorporated the same
14 exercises. However, in the DS condition, participants executed 3 repetitions
for each exercise, focusing on completing each repetition as swiftly as
possible. |
Range of
motion of hip flexion, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion; and distance of single
hop, triple hop, crossover hop and 6-m hop tests. |
Range of
motion of hip flexion, knee flexion, and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint
was evaluated using Myrin goniometer.
Hope tests included single
hop and triple hop for distance, cross-over hop and 6 meters in a given
time |
| Van
Zyl et al., 2011 |
52 |
8-10 |
Girls |
ND |
SS; VB;
Control (no warm-up) |
SS: Participants
engaged in a 10-minute session of static stretching, specifically in the
forward split position.
VP: Participants performed the forward split
position on a VP.
Control: Participants executed the forward split
without any preceding warm-up. |
Forward
split range of motion (cm) |
Forward
split |