Table 3. Results of individual studies on jumping performance and technical execution of gymnastics elements |
| Study |
Variable |
Control |
SS |
DS |
VP |
PNF |
Comparison
(%) |
Comparison
(p-value*) |
Comparison
(ES) |
| Jumping
performance |
| Dallas
et al., 2014b |
SJ (cm) |
N/A |
31.95 ±
8.77 |
N/A |
31.15 ±
8.35 |
32.09 ±
7.73 |
SSvsVP: -2.51%
SSvsPNF:
0.44%
VPvsPNF: 3.02% |
p >
0.05
p > 0.05
p > 0.05 |
-0.09
0.02
0.12 |
| Dallas
et al., 2014a |
SJ
(cm) |
N/A |
23.03
± 4.71 |
N/A |
24.37
± 4.28 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
5.82% |
ND |
0.31 |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
SJ flight
time (s) |
0.40 ±
0.24 |
0.40 ±
0.03 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: 0.00% |
p >
0.05 |
N/A |
| Kinser
et al., 2008 |
SJ
(cm) |
N/A |
18.5
± 3.4 |
N/A |
19.9
± 3.5 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
7.57% |
ND |
0.46 |
| Melocchi
et al., 2021 |
SJ (cm) |
32.3 ±
2.91 |
32.4 ±
3.44 |
37.4 ±
5.72 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: 0.31%
CvsDS:
15.70%
SSvsDS: 15.44% |
p >
0.99
p = 0.008
p = 0.005 |
0.04
1.01
0.95 |
| Montalvo
and Dorgo, 2020 |
SJ
(cm) |
33.19
± 5.06 |
35.47
± 6.91 |
38.21
± 5.85 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
6.87%
CvsDS: 15.10%
SSvsDS: 7.71% |
p
= 0.18
p = 0.84
ND |
0.39
0.98
0.43 |
| Dallas
et al., 2014b |
CMJ (cm) |
N/A |
33.11 ±
9.24 |
N/A |
33.67 ±
8.67 |
32.86 ±
7.94 |
SSvsVP: 1.68%
SSvsPNF:
-0.75%
VPvsPNF: -2.41% |
p >
0.05
p > 0.05
p > 0.05 |
0.06
-0.03
-0.10 |
| Dallas
et al., 2014a |
CMJ
(cm) |
N/A |
24.16
± 4.76 |
N/A |
25.18
± 4.16 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
4.21% |
ND |
0.24 |
| Kinser
et al., 2008 |
CMJ (cm) |
N/A |
19.0 ±
2.7 |
N/A |
22.0 ±
3.6 |
N/A |
SSvsVP: 15.79% |
ND |
1.11 |
| Melocchi
et al., 2021 |
CMJ
(cm) |
33.6
± 3.03 |
33.4
± 4.41 |
37.1
± 4.66 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-0.60%
CvsDS: 9.23%
SSvsDS: 10.78% |
p
= 0.98
p = 0.010
p = 0.026 |
-0.05
1.28
1.04 |
| Montalvo
and Dorgo, 2020 |
CMJ (cm) |
35.93 ±
4.52 |
37.46 ±
6.00 |
40.85 ±
6.68 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: 4.25%
CvsDS:
13.67%
SSvsDS: 8.86% |
p >
0.99
p = 0.03
ND |
0.33
1.02
0.56 |
| Papia
et al., 2018 |
CMJ
(cm) |
16.9
± 3.1 |
16.3
± 3.4 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-3.55% |
p
= 0.186 |
-0.17 |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
CMJ flight
time (s) |
0.45 ±
0.06 |
0.45 ±
0.03 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: 0.00% |
p >
0.05 |
N/A |
| McNeal
and Sands, 2003 |
DJ
(s) |
0.466
± 0.028 |
0.446
± 0.047 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-4.29% |
p<0.001 |
-0.75 |
| Montalvo
and Dorgo, 2020 |
Depth jump
(cm) |
31.85 ±
9.47 |
30.49 ±
7.56 |
33.53 ±
7.00 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: -4.27%
CvsDS:
5.31%
SSvsDS: 9.96% |
p = 0.18
p
= 0.18
ND |
-0.15
0.21
0.43 |
| Papia
et al., 2018 |
One
leg CMJ (cm) |
7.4
± 1.7 |
6.9
± 1.8 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-6.76% |
p
= 0.207 |
-0.29 |
| Dallas
et al., 2014a |
SLSJ right
(cm) |
N/A |
12.27 ±
2.65 |
N/A |
13.12 ±
3.14 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
6.92% |
ND |
0.30 |
| Dallas
et al., 2014a |
SLSJ
left (cm) |
N/A |
12.07
± 3.20 |
N/A |
12.87
± 2.52 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
6.64% |
ND |
0.29 |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
Hooping
flight time (s) |
0.48 ±
0.06 |
0.46 ±
0.04 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: -4.17% |
p >
0.05 |
-0.50 |
| Zaggelidou
et al., 2023 |
Triple
hop (cm) |
N/A |
4.06
± ND |
3.99
± ND |
N/A |
N/A |
SSvsDS:
-1.73% |
ND |
N/A |
| Zaggelidou
et al., 2023 |
Crossover
hop (s) |
N/A |
25.65 ±
ND |
24.25 ±
ND |
N/A |
N/A |
SSvsDS: -5.46% |
ND |
N/A |
| Zaggelidou
et al., 2023 |
Crossover
hop (s) |
N/A |
25.65
± ND |
24.25
± ND |
N/A |
N/A |
SSvsDS:
-5.46% |
ND |
N/A |
| Zaggelidou
et al., 2023 |
6m hop
(s) |
N/A |
22.49 ±
ND |
23.06 ±
ND |
N/A |
N/A |
SSvsDS: 2.53% |
ND |
N/A |
| Technical
execution of gymnastics elements |
| Ahmadabadi
et al., 2015 |
Vault≈´
test (score) |
6.44 ±
0.48 |
N/A |
8.23 ±
0.50 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsDS: 27.82 |
p <
0.001 |
3.77 |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
Split
leaps with leg stretched flight time (s) |
0.45
± 0.04 |
0.42
± 0.04 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-7.14% |
p
< 0.001 |
-0.75 |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
Split leaps
with ring flight time (s) |
0.45 ±
0.04 |
0.42 ±
0.05 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: -7.14% |
p <
0.001 |
-0.75 |
| Di
Cagno et al., 2010 |
Split
leaps with back bend trunk flight time (s) |
0.46
± 0.05 |
0.43
± 0.05 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-6.52% |
p
< 0.001 |
-0.65 |
| Johnson
et al., 2019 |
Split jump@
(angle) |
N/A |
165.3 ±
16.4 |
N/A |
N/A |
160.8 ±
16.7 |
SSvsPNF:
-2.74% |
ND |
-0.28 |
| Johnson
et al., 2019 |
Split
jump@ height (cm) |
N/A |
100
± 11 |
N/A |
N/A |
101
± 11 |
SSvsPNF:
1.00% |
p
> 0.05 |
0.09 |
| Kinser
et al., 2008 |
Right forward-split$
(cm) |
N/A |
19.0 ±
4.9 |
N/A |
21.4 ±
7.0 |
N/A |
SSvsVP: 12.63% |
ND |
0.34 |
| Kinser
et al., 2008 |
Left
forward-split$
(cm) |
N/A |
20.6
± 5.6 |
N/A |
22.6
± 6.8 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
9.71% |
ND |
0.29 |
| McNeal
et al., 2011 |
Split dominant
(angle) |
N/A |
160.31
± 0.56 |
N/A |
167.12
± 0.53 |
N/A |
SSvsVP: 4.23% |
ND |
11.71 |
| McNeal
et al., 2011 |
Split
non-dominant (angle) |
N/A |
148.76
± 0.32 |
N/A |
160.52
± 0.76 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
7.88% |
p
< 0.05 |
37.04 |
| Melocchi
et al., 2021 |
Gymnastics
jump (ms) |
744.9 ±
41.59 |
726.8 ±
41.06 |
745.3 ±
56.44 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: -2.43%
CvsDS:
0.05%
SSvsDS: 2.55% |
p = 0.43
p
> 0.99
p = 0.053 |
-0.44
0.01
0.29 |
| Sands
et al., 2006 |
Right
forward split$
(cm) |
N/A |
¶
(mean dif: 1.1 cm) |
N/A |
¶
(mean dif: 5.7 cm) |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
N/A |
ND |
N/A |
| Sands
et al., 2006 |
Left forward
split$ (cm) |
N/A |
¶
(mean dif: 2.3 cm) |
N/A |
¶
(mean dif: 7.4 cm) |
N/A |
SSvsVP: N/A |
ND |
N/A |
| Sands
et al., 2008 |
Forward
split (cm) |
N/A |
24.5
± 5.0 |
N/A |
20.8
± 4.9 |
N/A |
SSvsVP:
-14.98% |
p
< 0.001 |
-0.75 |
| Siatras
et al., 2003 |
Running
speed executing a "handspring" vaultδ
(m/s) |
5.24 ±
0.46 |
5.07 ±
0.42 |
5.17 ±
0.42 |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS: -3.25%
CvsDS:
-1.34%
SSvsDS: 1.96% |
p <
0.001
ND
ND |
-0.37
-0.16
0.24 |
| Siatras,
2014 |
Legs-horizontal
on V-sit# (angle) |
38.8
± 17.0 |
33.8
± 16.0 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-12.95% |
p
< 0.001 |
-0.29 |
| Siatras,
2014 |
Trunk-vertical
on V-sit# (angle) |
25.3 ±
8.5 |
24.1 ±
8.3 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-4.74% |
p >
0.05 |
-0.14 |
| Siatras,
2014 |
Arms-vertical
on V-sit# (angle) |
16.4
± 3.8 |
15.2
± 3.2 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
CvsSS:
-7.32% |
p
> 0.05 |
-0.34 |
| Van
Zyl et al., 2011 |
Forward
slit$ (cm) |
18.9 ±
7.60 |
17.9 ±
11.4 |
N/A |
9.8 ±
6.20 |
N/A |
CvsSS: -5.56%
CvsVP:
-48.14%
SSvsVP: -45.81% |
p = 0.006
p
< 0.001
p < 0.001 |
-0.09
-1.48
-0.96 |
|
*p-value extracted from the original article; ES: effect size calculated using standardized Cohen d; %: percentage of difference between conditions; CMJ: countermovement jump; SJ: squat jump; SLSJ: single leg squat jump; DJ: drop jump; SS: static stretching; DS: dynamic stretching; VP: vibration platform; PNF: proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation; N/A: not applicable; ND: not described |
¶: the study only provided mean difference between for pre-post differences |
#V-sit: static hold where the body forms a V shape by extending the legs straight in front and lifting the upper body to create a straight line from the hands to the toes while balancing on the buttocks |
$forward split: involves extending one leg forward and the other backward while keeping both legs straight, creating a line parallel to the ground with the torso positioned between the legs |
@split jump: dynamic movement where a gymnast leaps into the air, extending both legs to the sides in a split position, and then lands with one foot in front and the other behind while maintaining the split position |
≈´vault: refers to an apparatus used for a dynamic event where gymnasts sprint down a runway, propel themselves off a springboard onto the vaulting table, and execute various maneuvers before landing on the mat |
δhandspring vault: involves a gymnast running down the runway, placing their hands on the vaulting table, performing a handspring by pushing off with their hands and propelling their body over the vault, and then executing a variety of twists or flips before landing on the mat. |
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