Table 1. Effects of music timing on fatigue perception, performance, and physiological changes
  Plank-hold (n =12)   Wall-sit (n =12) p-value η2p
MEE MDF CON p-value η2p MEE MDF CON
TTE (sec) 171.0 ± 40.9* 163.1 ± 58.3 144.8 ± 43.5 0.05 0.22 294.8 ± 117.2* 278.7 ± 106.9^ 222.0 ± 88.1 <0.01 0.46
TFP (sec) 105.2 ± 27.1*# 81.2 ± 27.8 89.8 ± 29.4 0.02 0.30 137.8 ± 38.9* 122.6 ± 45.6 111.8 ± 42.2 0.01 0.36
Heart rate (bpm) 41.0 ± 14.0 38.2 ± 14.9 37.6 ± 9.9 0.44 0.07 40.5 ± 9.5 37 ± 11.1 35.8 ± 9.3 0.20 0.14
Lactate (mmol/L) 1.5 ± 1.1 1.6 ± 0.8 1.4 ± 1.0 0.67 0.04 0.7 ± 0.5 0.9 ± 0.6 0.8 ± 0.6 0.78 0.02
Values are presented as the mean ± SD. ∆ Heart rate = post-exercise heart rate – baseline heart rate; ∆ Lactate = post-exercise lactate level – baseline lactate level.
*p < 0.05 between MEE and CON
#p < 0.05 between MEE and MDF
^p < 0.05 between MDF and CON. MEE: music played during the entire exercise task; MDF: music played during fatigue only; CON: no music; TFP: Time to onset of fatigue perception; TTE: Total time to volitional exhaustion