Table 5. Changes in physiological variables from pre- to post-training (mean ± SD).
Variable Groups Statistics
1sSIT (n = 10) 2sSIT (n = 10) 3sSIT (n = 10) CON (n = 10)
V·O2max (ml.kg-1.min-1)
Pre 49.9 ± 1.7 49.6 ± 3.2 50.2 ± 2.3 49.8 ± 3.3 Group, p = 0.82
Post 52.9 ± 2.1* 52.4 ± 3.6* 53.1 ± 2.4* 49.9 ± 2.8 Time, p = 0.001
ES (95% CI) 1.50 (0.51 to 2.50)d 0.79 (-0.12 to 1.70)c 1.18 (0.23 to 2.13)c 0.03 (-0.85 to 0.91) Group x time, p = 0.019
VT1 (%V·O2max)
Pre 68.4 ± 3.4 69.3 ± 2.5 70.0 ± 5.2 69.3 ± 2.2 Group, p = 0.650
Post 72.0 ± 3.7* 73.2 ± 2.4* 74.0 ± 5.0* 69.5 ± 2.5 Time, p = 0.001
ES (95% CI) 2.05 (0.97 to 3.13)e 1.52 (0.53 to 2.52)d 0.75 (-0.16 50 1.66)c 0.08 (-0.80 to 0.96) Group x time, p = 0.003
VT2 (%V·O2max)
Pre 83.0 ± 5.4 83.5 ± 5.2 83.7 ± 4.8 83.3 ± 3.4 Group, p = 0.954
Post 85.7 ± 5.6* 86.8 ± 5.0* 87.2 ± 4.9* 83.5 ± 2.9 Time, p = 0.001
ES (95% CI) 0.47 (-0.42 to 1.36)b 0.62 (-0.28 to 1.52)c 0.69 (-0.21 to 1.59)c 0.06 (-0.82 to 0.94) Group x time, p = 0.041
PPO (W)
Pre 810.2 ± 43.7 803.1 ± 51.5 805.2 ± 56.2 806.9 ± 46.2 Group, p = 0.95
Post 871.3 ± 41.5* 863.5 ± 75.9* 891.1 ± 69.7* 810.6 ± 43.5 Time, p = 0.001
ES (95% CI) 1.39 (0.41 to 2.37)d 0.89 (-0.03 to 1.81) 1.30 (0.34 to 2.27)d 0.08 (-0.8 to 0.96) Group x time, p = 0.001
APO (W)
Pre 471.4 ± 34.7 472.6 ± 51.0 482.2 ± 20.4 479.4 ± 29.5 Group, p = 0.771
Post 512.5 ± 37.4* 514.7 ± 52.5* 522.9 ± 24.2* 481.7 ± 33.2 Time, p = 0.001
ES (95% CI) 1.09 (0.15 to 2.03)c 0.78 (-0.13 to 1.69)c 1.74 (0.71 to 2.77)d 0.07 (-0.81 to 0.95) Group x time, p = 0.026
* Denotes significant differences from the corresponding pre and CON group values (p ≤ 0.05). b: small, c: moderate, d: large, and e: very large ES. VO2max: maximum oxygen consumption, VT: ventilatory thresholds, PPO: peak power output, APO: average power output.