Table 2. Criterion-related validity of the consumer-wearable activity trackers for estimating steps during controlled conditions (n = 56). |
| Instrument |
Mean (SD) |
Equivalence
test (90% CI) |
LOA (95%
CI) |
MAE |
MAPE |
ICC (95%
CI) |
| Slow
pace walking |
| Video-based
count |
335.3 (28.8) |
-50.30,
50.30 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Samsung
Pedometer |
334.8
(29.4) |
-0.54,
1.65 |
0.6
(-9.0, 10.2) |
3.3 |
1.0 |
0.99
(0.98, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pacer |
334.7 (29.2) |
-0.38,
1.59 |
0.6 (-8.0,
9.2) |
2.9 |
0.9 |
0.99 (0.98,
0.99) |
| Samsung
GoogleFit |
334.7
(29.2) |
-0.33,
1.58 |
0.6
(-7.8, 9.0) |
2.8 |
0.9 |
0.99
(0.98, 0.99) |
| Apple applications
a |
332.6 (27.8) |
0.81, 4.59 |
2.7 (-14.0,
19.4) |
3.9 |
1.1 |
0.95 (0.92,
0.97) |
| Fitbit
Ace 2 |
329.6
(30.4) |
2.81,
8.55 |
5.7
(-19.4, 30.8) |
8.2 |
2.5 |
0.89
(0.79, 0.94) |
| Garmin Vivofit
Jr 2 |
334.1 (28.4) |
0.02, 2.44 |
1.2 (-9.4,
11.8) |
3.5 |
1.0 |
0.98 (0.97,
0.99) |
| Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
334.0
(29.8) |
0.17,
2.47 |
1.3
(-8.9, 11.5) |
3.3 |
1.0 |
0.98
(0.97, 0.99) |
| Normal
pace walking |
| Video-based
count |
296.8 (23.2) |
-44.52,
44.52 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Samsung
Pedometer |
297.8
(23.9) |
-2.14,
0.24 |
-0.9
(-11.3, 9.5) |
3.8 |
1.3 |
0.97
(0.96, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pacer |
296.0 (22.8) |
0.29, 1.32 |
0.8 (-3.7,
5.3) |
1.7 |
0.6 |
0.99 (0.99,
1.00) |
| Samsung
GoogleFit |
295.8
(23.1) |
0.07,
1.96 |
1.0
(-7.2, 9.2) |
2.2 |
0.7 |
0.98
(0.97, 0.99) |
| Apple applications
a |
294.7 (22.5) |
0.86, 3.39 |
2.1 (-9.1,
13.3) |
2.7 |
0.9 |
0.97 (0.94,
0.98) |
| Fitbit
Ace 2 |
286.8
(26.8) |
7.36,
12.67 |
10.0
(-13.3, 33.3) |
10.9 |
3.7 |
0.82
(0.42, 0.93) |
| Garmin Vivofit
Jr 2 |
297.9 (24.8) |
-2.69,
0.61 |
-1.0 (-15.5,
13.5) |
4.9 |
1.6 |
0.95 (0.92,
0.97) |
| Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
286.6
(31.3) |
6.40,
14.14 |
10.3
(-23.6, 44.2) |
11.7 |
4.0 |
0.75
(0.50, 0.87) |
| Brisk
pace walking |
| Video-based
count |
259.8 (17.8) |
-38.97,
38.97 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Samsung Pedometer |
260.2 (17.8) |
-1.56,
0.81 |
-0.4 (-10.8,
10.0) |
3.7 |
1.5 |
0.96 (0.93,
0.97) |
| Samsung Pacer |
259.1 (17.7) |
0.07, 1.39 |
0.7 (-5.2,
6.6) |
2.1 |
0.8 |
0.99 (0.98,
0.99) |
| Samsung GoogleFit |
258.4 (18.5) |
0.07, 2.78 |
1.4 (-10.6,
13.4) |
2.8 |
1.1 |
0.94 (0.90,
0.97) |
| Apple applications
a |
248.3 (22.2) |
7.18, 15.82 |
11.5 (-26.3,
49.3) |
12.0 |
4.5 |
0.47 (0.17,
0.67) |
| Fitbit Ace
2 |
236.8 (26.2) |
18.68,
27.28 |
23.0 (-14.6,
60.6) |
23.8 |
9.2 |
0.42 (0.00,
0.71) |
| Garmin Vivofit
Jr 2 |
259.2 (18.0) |
-1.30,
2.58 |
0.6 (-16.5,
17.7) |
5.9 |
2.3 |
0.88 (0.81,
0.93) |
| Xiaomi Mi
Band 5 |
243.3 (28.8) |
10.95,
22.16 |
16.6 (-32.6,
65.8) |
17.9 |
6.9 |
0.37 (0.07,
0.60) |
| Running |
| Video-based
count |
223.1 (32.0) |
-33.47,
33.47 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Samsung Pedometer |
221.6 (32.0) |
0.64, 2.36 |
1.5 (-5.9,
8.9) |
3.0 |
1.4 |
0.99 (0.98,
1.00) |
| Samsung Pacer |
221.0 (31.3) |
0.43, 3.64 |
2.0 (-12.1,
16.1) |
3.6 |
1.5 |
0.97 (0.95,
0.98) |
| Samsung GoogleFit |
221.4 (31.0) |
0.00, 3.39 |
1.7 (-13.2,
16.6) |
3.9 |
1.7 |
0.97 (0.95,
0.98) |
| Apple applications
a |
220.7 (30.9) |
0.73, 4.02 |
2.4 (-12.1,
16.9) |
3.3 |
1.4 |
0.97 (0.95,
0.98) |
| Fitbit Ace
2 |
209.8 (42.2) |
8.81, 17.69 |
13.3 (-25.7,
52.3) |
14.8 |
7.1 |
0.81 (0.54,
0.91) |
| Garmin Vivofit
Jr 2 |
223.6 (32.3) |
-1.51,
0.51 |
-0.5 (-9.3,
8.3) |
3.3 |
1.5 |
0.99 (0.98,
0.99) |
| Xiaomi Mi
Band 5 |
220.4 (32.1) |
1.33, 4.10 |
2.7 (-9.5,
14.9) |
4.3 |
2.0 |
0.98 (0.96,
0.99) |
|
SD = Standard deviation; LOA = Limits of Agreement; 90/95% CI = 90/95% Confident Interval; MAE = Mean Absolute Error; MAPE = Mean Absolute Percentage Error; ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. |
a Apple applications is referred to the three applications activated in the iPhone smartphone (i.e., Pedometer, Pacer, and Apple Health) due to the fact that all of them reported exactly the same steps scores. |
|