Table 4. Comparability of the consumer-wearable activity trackers for estimating steps during controlled conditions (n = 56) |
| Instrument |
Equivalence test (90%
CI) |
LOA (95% CI) |
MAE |
MAPE |
ICC (95% CI) |
| Slow pace walking |
-50.30, 50.30 |
|
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung
Pacer |
-1.10, 1.20 |
0.1 (-9.9, 10.1) |
3.6 |
0.0 |
0.99 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung GoogleFit |
-1.07, 1.21 |
0.1 (-9.9, 10.1) |
3.6 |
0.0 |
0.99 (0.98, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Apple
applications a |
0.04, 4.25 |
2.1 (-16.3, 20.5) |
4.9 |
0.0 |
0.94 (0.91, 0.97) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Fitbit Ace 2 |
2.13, 8.13 |
5.1 (-21.2, 31.4) |
9.1 |
0.0 |
0.89 (0.80, 0.94) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Garmin
Vivofit Jr 2 |
-0.57, 1.93 |
0.7 (-10.3, 11.7) |
4.2 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-0.68, 2.21 |
0.8 (-11.9, 13.5) |
4.7 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pacer - Samsung
GoogleFit |
-0.05, 0.09 |
0.0 (-0.6, 0.6) |
0.1 |
0.0 |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Samsung Pacer - Apple applications a |
0.25, 3.93 |
2.1 (-14.0, 18.2) |
4.3 |
0.0 |
0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pacer - Fitbit
Ace 2 |
2.23, 7.91 |
5.1 (-19.8, 30.0) |
7.9 |
0.0 |
0.90 (0.81, 0.94) |
| Samsung Pacer - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-0.56, 1.81 |
0.6 (-9.8, 11.0) |
4.3 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pacer - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
-0.51, 1.94 |
0.7 (-10.1, 11.5) |
4.0 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Apple applications a |
0.24, 3.91 |
2.1 (-14.0, 18.2) |
4.3 |
0.0 |
0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Fitbit
Ace 2 |
2.21, 7.90 |
5.1 (-19.8, 30.0) |
7.8 |
0.0 |
0.90 (0.81, 0.94) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-0.58, 1.79 |
0.6 (-9.8, 11.0) |
4.3 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
-0.53, 1.92 |
0.7 (-10.1, 11.5) |
4.0 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Apple applicationsa - Fitbit Ace 2 |
0.44, 5.52 |
3.0 (-19.3, 25.3) |
7.6 |
0.0 |
0.92 (0.87, 0.95) |
| Apple applicationsa - Garmin
Vivofit Jr |
-3.16, 0.24 |
-1.5 (-16.4, 13.4) |
4.1 |
0.0 |
0.96 (0.94, 0.98) |
| Apple applicationsa - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-3.25, 0.50 |
-1.4 (-17.9, 15.1) |
4.2 |
0.0 |
0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Garmin Vivofit
Jr 2 |
-7.17, -1.72 |
-4.4 (-28.3, 19.5) |
8.3 |
0.0 |
0.91 (0.83, 0.95) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-6.99, -1.72 |
-4.4 (-27.5, 18.7) |
7.9 |
0.0 |
0.92 (0.85, 0.95) |
| Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
-1.07, 1.25 |
0.1 (-10.1, 10.3) |
4.0 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Normal pace walking |
-44.52, 44.52 |
|
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung
Pacer |
0.46, 3.04 |
1.8 (-9.6, 13.2) |
4.0 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.94, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung GoogleFit |
0.48, 3.44 |
2.0 (-10.9, 14.9) |
4.5 |
0.0 |
0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Apple
applications a |
1.37, 4.78 |
3.1 (-11.8, 18.0) |
5.1 |
0.0 |
0.94 (0.89, 0.97) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Fitbit Ace 2 |
8.10, 13.83 |
11.0 (-14.1, 36.1) |
12.5 |
0.0 |
0.80 (0.37, 0.92) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Garmin
Vivofit Jr 2 |
-2.05, 1.87 |
-0.1 (-17.3, 17.1) |
6.2 |
0.0 |
0.94 (0.89, 0.96) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
7.21, 15.22 |
11.2 (-23.9, 46.3) |
12.8 |
0.0 |
0.74 (0.45, 0.86) |
| Samsung Pacer - Samsung
GoogleFit |
-0.43, 0.85 |
0.2 (-5.5, 5.9) |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.99 (0.99, 1.00) |
| Samsung Pacer - Apple applications a |
-0.10, 2.74 |
1.3 (-11.2, 13.8) |
2.6 |
0.0 |
0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pacer - Fitbit
Ace 2 |
6.50, 11.92 |
9.2 (-14.5, 32.9) |
10.8 |
0.0 |
0.83 (0.50, 0.92) |
| Samsung Pacer - Garmin Vivofit Jr |
-3.54, -0.14 |
-1.8 (-16.7, 13.1) |
4.9 |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.91, 0.97) |
| Samsung Pacer - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
5.58, 13.35 |
9.5 (-24.6, 43.6) |
11.3 |
0.0 |
0.76 (0.53, 0.87) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Apple applications a |
-0.51, 2.73 |
1.1 (-13.0, 15.2) |
3.0 |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.92, 0.97) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Fitbit
Ace 2 |
6.16, 11.84 |
9.0 (-15.9, 33.9) |
11.3 |
0.0 |
0.82 (0.53, 0.92) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-4.15, 0.05 |
-2.1 (-20.5, 16.3) |
5.2 |
0.0 |
0.92 (0.87, 0.95) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
5.28, 13.22 |
9.3 (-25.6, 44.2) |
11.7 |
0.0 |
0.75 (0.54, 0.86) |
| Apple applicationsa - Fitbit Ace 2 |
4.94, 10.85 |
7.9 (-18.0, 33.8) |
10.7 |
0.0 |
0.82 (0.60, 0.91) |
| Apple applicationsa - Garmin
Vivofit Jr 2 |
-5.08, -1.24 |
-3.2 (-20.1, 13.7) |
5.7 |
0.0 |
0.93 (0.87, 0.96) |
| Apple applicationsa - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
4.00, 12.28 |
8.1 (-28.2, 44.4) |
11.6 |
0.0 |
0.74 (0.55, 0.85) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Garmin Vivofit
Jr |
-13.72, -8.38 |
-11.1 (-34.4, 12.2) |
12.4 |
0.0 |
0.82 (0.34, 0.93) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-3.19, 3.69 |
0.3 (-29.9, 30.5) |
8.6 |
0.0 |
0.86 (0.78, 0.92) |
| Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
7.72, 14.88 |
11.3 (-20.1, 42.7) |
12.0 |
0.0 |
0.78 (0.46, 0.90) |
| Brisk pace walking |
-38.97, 38.97 |
|
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung
Pacer |
-0.09, 2.30 |
1.1 (-9.5, 11.7) |
3.4 |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.92, 0.97) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung GoogleFit |
0.33, 3.28 |
1.8 (-11.1, 14.7) |
3.9 |
0.0 |
0.93 (0.88, 0.96) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Apple
applications a |
7.62, 16.13 |
11.9 (-25.3, 49.1) |
13.3 |
0.1 |
0.47 (0.16, 0.68) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Fitbit Ace 2 |
19.04, 27.67 |
23.4 (-14.4, 61.2) |
24.5 |
0.1 |
0.41 (0.00, 0.71) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Garmin
Vivofit Jr 2 |
-1.11, 3.14 |
1.0 (-17.6, 19.6) |
6.6 |
0.0 |
0.86 (0.77, 0.92) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
11.49, 22.37 |
16.9 (-30.7, 64.5) |
18.3 |
0.1 |
0.39 (0.07, 0.62) |
| Samsung Pacer - Samsung
GoogleFit |
-0.31, 1.70 |
0.7 (-8.1, 9.5) |
0.7 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.95, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pacer - Apple applications a |
6.47, 15.06 |
10.8 (-26.8, 48.4) |
11.8 |
0.0 |
0.48 (0.19, 0.68) |
| Samsung Pacer - Fitbit
Ace 2 |
17.83, 26.67 |
22.3 (-16.5, 61.1) |
23.6 |
0.1 |
0.41 (0.00, 0.70) |
| Samsung Pacer - Garmin Vivofit Jr |
-2.14, 1.96 |
-0.1 (-18.1, 17.9) |
6.2 |
0.0 |
0.87 (0.79, 0.92) |
| Samsung Pacer - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
10.10, 21.55 |
15.8 (-34.4, 66.0) |
18.0 |
0.1 |
0.35 (0.07, 0.58) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Apple applications a |
5.59, 14.55 |
10.1 (-29.1, 49.3) |
12.3 |
0.0 |
0.47 (0.20, 0.66) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Fitbit
Ace 2 |
17.00, 26.10 |
21.6 (-18.4, 61.6) |
23.4 |
0.1 |
0.41 (0.00, 0.69) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-3.03, 1.46 |
-0.8 (-20.4, 18.8) |
6.8 |
0.0 |
0.85 (0.76, 0.91) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
9.24, 21.01 |
15.1 (-36.4, 66.6) |
18.4 |
0.1 |
0.35 (0.07, 0.57) |
| Apple applicationsa - Fitbit Ace 2 |
6.80, 16.16 |
11.5 (-29.5, 52.5) |
19.3 |
0.1 |
0.57 (0.29, 0.74) |
| Apple applicationsa - Garmin
Vivofit Jr 2 |
-15.17, -6.55 |
-10.9 (-48.7, 26.9) |
14.3 |
0.1 |
0.48 (0.19, 0.68) |
| Apple applicationsa - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-1.40, 11.51 |
5.1 (-51.5, 61.7) |
18.8 |
0.1 |
0.37 (0.12, 0.57) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Garmin Vivofit
Jr 2 |
-26.76, -17.92 |
-22.3 (-61.1, 16.5) |
23.6 |
0.1 |
0.41 (0.00, 0.70) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-11.16, -1.70 |
-6.4 (-48.0, 35.2) |
15.3 |
0.1 |
0.69 (0.52, 0.81) |
| Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 - Xiaomi
Mi Band 5 |
10.56, 21.26 |
15.9 (-30.9, 62.7) |
20.0 |
0.1 |
0.42 (0.10, 0.64) |
| Running |
-33.47, 33.47 |
|
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung
Pacer |
-1.04, 2.11 |
0.5 (-13.4, 14.4) |
3.7 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Samsung GoogleFit |
-1.41, 1.81 |
0.2 (-13.9, 14.3) |
3.8 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Apple
applications a |
-0.78, 2.53 |
0.9 (-13.6, 15.4) |
4.2 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.95, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Fitbit Ace 2 |
7.30, 16.20 |
11.8 (-27.2, 50.8) |
14.2 |
0.1 |
0.82 (0.61, 0.91) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-3.27, -0.73 |
-2.0 (-13.2, 9.2) |
4.5 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pedometer - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-0.33, 2.76 |
1.2 (-12.3, 14.7) |
4.8 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pacer - Samsung GoogleFit |
-0.88, 0.21 |
-0.3 (-5.0, 4.4) |
0.7 |
0.0 |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| Samsung Pacer - Apple applications a |
-0.85, 1.53 |
0.3 (-10.1, 10.7) |
3.7 |
0.0 |
0.99 (0.98, 0.99) |
| Samsung Pacer - Fitbit Ace 2 |
6.55, 15.88 |
11.2 (-29.8, 52.2) |
14.7 |
0.1 |
0.81 (0.62, 0.90) |
| Samsung Pacer - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-4.16, -0.91 |
-2.5 (-16.8, 11.8) |
4.8 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.95, 0.98) |
| Samsung Pacer - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-1.56, 2.92 |
0.7 (-18.9, 20.3) |
6.1 |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.92, 0.97) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Apple applications a |
-0.59, 1.95 |
0.7 (-10.5, 11.9) |
4.1 |
0.0 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Fitbit Ace 2 |
6.77, 16.34 |
11.6 (-30.3, 53.5) |
15.1 |
0.1 |
0.80 (0.60, 0.89) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-4.00, -0.39 |
-2.2 (-18.1, 13.7) |
5.3 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.94, 0.98) |
| Samsung GoogleFit - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-1.29, 3.32 |
1.0 (-19.2, 21.2) |
6.4 |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.91, 0.97) |
| Apple applicationsa - Fitbit Ace 2 |
6.39, 15.36 |
10.9 (-28.5, 50.3) |
14.7 |
0.1 |
0.82 (0.63, 0.91) |
| Apple applicationsa - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-4.61, -1.14 |
-2.9 (-18.2, 12.4) |
5.2 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.94, 0.98) |
| Apple applicationsa - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-1.82, 2.50 |
0.3 (-18.5, 19.1) |
6.1 |
0.0 |
0.95 (0.92, 0.97) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 |
-18.15, -9.35 |
-13.8 (-52.4, 24.8) |
14.9 |
0.1 |
0.81 (0.52, 0.91) |
| Fitbit Ace 2 - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
-14.82, -6.26 |
-10.5 (-47.9, 26.9) |
14.0 |
0.1 |
0.84 (0.66, 0.92) |
| Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 - Xiaomi Mi Band 5 |
1.58, 4.85 |
3.2 (-11.1, 17.5) |
5.6 |
0.0 |
0.97 (0.94, 0.98) |
|
LOA = Limits of Agreement; 90/95% CI = 90/95% Confident Interval; MAE = Mean Absolute Error; MAPE = Mean Absolute Percentage Error; ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. |
a Apple applications is referred to the three applications activated in the iPhone smartphone (i.e., Pedometer, Pacer, and Apple Health) due to the fact that all of them reported exactly the same steps scores |
|