Table 4. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) and inferential comparisons between groups.
STCT (n = 53) ST (n = 22) AT (n = 41) ATCT (n = 34)
MOCA (A.U.) Pre 20.2 ± 5.4 22.1 ± 2.7 23.2 ± 2.2 24.1 ± 2.6
Post 24.1 ± 4.5 23.9 ± 3.9 25.7 ± 2.1 26.1 ± 2.7
Post-pre difference (%) 19.3 8.1 10.8 8.3
p-value | d (within-group) p < 0.001 | d = 0.788 p = 0.003 | d = 0.545 p < 0.001 | d = 1.134 p < 0.001 | d = 0.755
Chair stand test (n) Pre 18.1 ± 5.4 18.1 ± 5.0 15.1 ± 2.8 16.1 ± 3.7
Post 21.7 ± 5.0 21.9 ± 5.6 19.5 ± 4.4 19.1 ± 4.6
Post-pre difference (%) 19.9 21.0 29.1 18.6
p-value | d (within-group) p < 0.001 | d = 0.692 p < 0.001 | d = 0.717 p < 0.001 | d = 1.222 p < 0.001 | d = 0.723
Arm curl test (n) Pre 18.5 ± 6.1 19.4 ± 4.8 18.7 ± 4.5 22.3 ± 4.0
Post 21.6 ± 6.1 c 22.6 ± 4.9 c 26.1 ± 6.8 a,b,d 22.7 ± 5.5 c
Post-pre difference (%) 16.8 16.5 39.6 1.8
p-value | d (within-group) p < 0.001 | d = 0.508 p < 0.001 | d = 0.660 p < 0.001 | d = 1.310 p = 0.204 | d = 0.084
2-min Step Test (n) Pre 76.1 ± 14.7 - 97.7 ± 34.5 92.1 ± 19.5
Post 81.4 ± 13.6 c - 117.9 ± 44.7 a 106.6 ± 19.1
Post-pre difference (%) 7.0 - 20.7 15.7
p-value | d (within-group) p = 0.265 | d = 0.375 - p < 0.001 | d = 0.510 p = 0.060 | d = 0.751
Chair sit-and-reach (cm) Pre 9.3 ± 11.7 0.7 ± 4.2 10.5 ± 8.7 3.9 ± 11.7
Post 12.2 ± 10.1 c 3.6 ± 5.4 10.8 ± 7.9 a,d 1.5 ± 10.3 c
Post-pre difference (%) 31.2 414.3 2.9 >61.5
p-value | d (within-group) p < 0.001 | d = 0.266 p = 0.710 | d = 0.604 p = 0.127| d = 0.036 p = 0.002 | d = 0.218
Back and scratch test (cm) Pre >6.2 ± 10.1 >9.5 ± 6.0 >3.0 ± 8.7 >4.6 ± 9.7
Post >2.9 ± 10.6 d >6.5 ± 6.1 d >0.8 ± 8.1 d 3.9 ± 9.2 a,b,c
Post-pre difference (%) >53.2 >31.6 >73.3 >184.8
p-value | d (within-group) p = 0.001 | d = 0.319 p = 0.256 | d = 0.496 p = 0.006 | d = 0.262 p < 0.001 | d = 0.899
8-foot
up and go test (s)		 Pre 6.4 ± 2.2 5.4 ± 0.9 5.5 ± 1.1 5.7 ± 0.9
Post 5.3 ± 1.6 c 4.8 ± 0.7 c 5.5 ± 1.2 a,b,d 5.0 ± 1.0 c
Post-pre difference (%) >17.2 >11.1 0.0 >12.3
p-value | d (within-group) p < 0.001 | d = 0.579 p < 0.001 | d = 0.750 p = 0.168 | d < 0.001 p < 0.001 | d = 0.737
6-minute walk test (m) Pre 522.5 ± 69.2 535.2 ± 84.6 - 469.5 ± 73.2
Post 547.5 ± 72.3 d 531.0 ± 70.0 d - 557.9 ± 83.8 a,b
Post-pre difference (%) 4.8 >0.8 - 18.8
p-value | d (within-group) p < 0.001 | d = 0.353 p = 0.769 | d = 0.051 - p < 0.001 | d = 1.126
STCT: strength and cognitive training; ST: strength training; AT: aerobic training; ATCT: aerobic and cognitive training; a: significantly different from STCT (p<0.05); b: significantly different from ST (p<0.05); c: significantly different from AT (p<0.05); d: significantly different from ATCT (p<0.05).