Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Table 2. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) for the Balance Error Scoring System at two assessment points in four groups.

		G1	G2	G3	G4	F	p value	ES (η²_p)
Sfi	Pre	1.78 ± 1.48	1.56 ± 1.33	2.11 ± 1.90	1.22 ± 0.97	0.591	0.626	0.052
	Post	0.56 ± 0.73	1.67 ± 1.23	0.67 ± 1.12	0.11 ± 0.33	4.579	0.009^‡	0.300
					(Effect)	Interaction	Group	Time
	p value	0.001*	0.754	0.000*	0.003*	0.017^†	0.321	0.000^†
	ES (η²_p)	0.274	0.003	0.346	0.238	0.271	0.102	0.460
Tfi	Pre	1.00 ± 1.66	0.78 ± 1.09	1.56 ± 1.51	1.11 ± 1.27	0.492	0.691	0.044
	Post	0.33 ± 0.50	0.78 ± 0.97	0.11 ± 0.33	0.22 ± 0.44	2.049	0.127	0.161
					(Effect)	Interaction	Group	Time
	p value	0.123	1.000	0.002*	0.043*	0.132	0.970	0.001^†
	ES (η²_p)	0.073	0.000	0.269	0.122	0.159	0.008	0.284
Sfo	Pre	3.89 ± 1.90	4.78 ± 1.72	4.56 ± 2.13	4.44 ± 1.51	0.385	0.764	0.035
	Post	1.67 ± 1.12	3.89 ± 1.45	1.22 ± 0.83	1.89 ± 0.78	10.762	0.000^‡	0.502
					(Effect)	Interaction	Group	Time
	p value	0.000*	0.070	0.000*	0.000*	0.008^†	0.068	0.000^†
	ES (η²_p)	0.407	0.099	0.607	0.476	0.303	0.197	0.738
Tfo	Pre	2.11 ± 1.05	2.67 ± 1.87	3.78 ± 1.56	3.33 ± 1.50	2.082	0.122	0.163
	Post	1.22 ± 0.67	3.11 ± 1.45	1.22 ± 0.67	0.89 ± 0.78	10.215	0.000^‡	0.489
					(Effect)	Interaction	Group	Time
	p value	0.068	0.351	0.000*	0.000*	0.000^†	0.106	0.000^†
	ES (η²_p)	0.101	0.027	0.480	0.458	0.463	0.172	0.512
Total	Pre	8.78 ± 4.30	9.78 ± 4.92	12.00 ± 4.50	10.11 ± 2.67	0.933	0.436	0.080
	Post	3.78 ± 1.72	9.44 ± 3.58	3.22 ± 1.72	3.33 ± 1.23	16.169	0.000^‡	0.603
					(Effect)	Interaction	Group	Time
	p value	0.000*	0.746	0.000*	0.000*	0.000^†	0.107	0.000^†
	ES (η²_p)	0.429	0.003	0.699	0.580	0.540	0.171	0.766

*Indicates p < 0.05 between the pretest and posttest within each group and for each condition;

^†Indicates p < 0.05 for the interaction effect, group effect, or time effect;

^‡Indicates p < 0.05 between four groups at pretest or posttest. ES: effect size; G1, tDCS group; G2, sham tDCS group; G3, tDCS with balance training group; G4, sham tDCS with balance training group; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; Sfi, single-leg stance on a firm surface; Tfi, tandem stance on a firm surface; Sfo, single-leg stance on a foam surface; Tfo, tandem stance on a foam surface.